Is Marriage Out of Style

Research Essay Wendy Is marriage out of style? What is the most popular topic of girls? The answer to the question is â€Å"love and marriage†. It’s true. Almost all of girls hope Mr. Right would appear with â€Å"glass slipper† next second. As a girl, I have taken part in lots of talks about marriage with same-aged girls. However, my cousin is an exception. I had to listen to her â€Å"Single Theory† whenever I mentioned the imagination of marriage. She said, â€Å"Marriage is out of date. It will be not necessary anymore. † At that time, I was too young to distinguish whether she is right.As I grew up, I found that most people debate marriage from the following five aspects: Is marriage just a form of commitment? Would cohabitation replace it? Is marriage the tomb of love? Does it lead people to losing freedom? Whether marriage is still necessary as women have been more and more independent? To begin, as with women becoming more and more independe nt, many of them get the same idea as Caroline. On the BBC News, she says that women have been changing their values and increasing independence recently.They get their own jobs and have enough ability to support themselves; therefore, Caroline thinks it’s no need for women to get marriage. (Caroline, 1997). It seems true on this aspect, while I prefer Rich Rivers’ viewpoint. For the question â€Å"Do independent women need a permanent man or marriage† on the home page of Helium, he responds that a woman needs a man in her life to talk with and she â€Å"needs a shoulder to lean on and cry on† whether she is independent or not. (Rich Rivers, 2006). Personally speaking, becoming independent is a good thing; however, it doesn’t mean independent women don’t need marriage or stable life.Independence aside, freedom after marriage is also one of the issues people worry about, especially for men. According to James Walsh in his essay â€Å"Why Peo ple Don’t Want to Get Married†, he mentions that marriage kills freedom. You have to give up parties and report to your â€Å"spouse† that â€Å"where you are at a particular time and how long will it be before you reach home†. (James Walsh). Yes, marriage adds another person to your life and â€Å"places you a huge responsibility on your shoulders†; nevertheless, every coin has two sides. In Michael G.Lawer’s essay â€Å"Changing Catholic Models of Marriage†, he writes that spending time on your â€Å"spouse† can improve your â€Å"mutual relationship†. (Michael G. Lawler, 2001). You can share the happiness and sorrow with him or her, which lightens your burden. From this viewpoint, I don’t think marriage is the killer of freedom. Besides independence and freedom, both men and women believe marriage out of date because it is the grave of love. In Zhao Xu’s essay â€Å"Marriage is the Grave of Love†, he writes â€Å"Marriage is the manifestation of love when two people are just getting married, and it is a killer of love as well when they have got married. (Zhao Xu, 2009). I believe with no doubt until I saw PS & SR Branch Welfare Services Group’s essay â€Å"Family Life Education Series-Why do we get married nowadays†. In this essay, it states that love exists between the two people all along. They feel dull because they completely â€Å"expose† themselves after marriage. (PS & SR Branch Welfare Services Group). For my part, marriage just reflects people’s natural personalities, and makes life more realistic. It cannot be regarded as the grave of love. Cohabitation is also a thing that affects people’s viewpoint about marriage.Statistics supplied by Nation statistics shows that from 1996 to 2006, the proportion of marriage couple families decreased from 76 percent to 71 percent, while the cohabitating rate increased to 14 percent from 9 perce nt. (Nation statistics, 2007). Another statistics showed by Hewitt Belinda, â€Å"In Australia, the proportion of marriages preceded by cohabitation has risen from 30% in the 1980’s to around 75% in 2003. †(Hewitt Belinda, 2006). It seems that cohabitation may take the place of marriage in the future.On the contrary, in the essay of Po Bronson & Ashley Merryman, Has Being Married Gone Out of Style, they point out that couple just cohabitate before they marriage; they will get marry ultimately. ( Po Bronson & Ashley Merryman, 2006). As far as I’m concerned, cohabitating before marriage can lower the divorce rate. It indicates that cohabitation can be a step of marriage, but cannot replace it. The last thing is the commitment, which is ignored as the increasing rate of divorce. On the BBC News, Lissa Hynes says marriage is going out of fashion because it is just a form. Lisa Haynes, 1999). Deep down, I disagree with her statement, and support the superiority of th e idea of Kelly Knowles. On the same home page of BBC News, she says that marriage means the â€Å"permanent relationship† and it declares your happy life to others. (Kelly Knowles, 1999). In my opinion, besides this, marriage is also the protection for each side of the couple. It’s not just a form. After get so many ideas, have you already got a better perception about marriage? Well, I have. Everyone needs a stable marriage, and so do independent women.To some extent, an independent woman needs much more care from a man than others. Marriage doesn’t bind you; as long as you deal it properly, you’ll realize how wonderful marriage is. Marriage represents not only a form of commitment, but also an approach to show your happy life and a safeguard for your love. High divorce rate means people want to have high quality marriage rather than living together without love. Marriage doesn’t kill your love; it reflects the truth of love. It is a filter, and only the true love family can remain romance forever. By seeing this, you may ask â€Å"why don’t cohabitate†.Imagine you’re a parent. If your daughter fell in love with a guy who refuses to marry her, but just live with her, would you feel relieved to let them together? Absolutely not! Is cohabitation all right before marriage? Maybe, but your bottom line must be making sure that your daughter has a stable and happy marriage. As I mentioned before, cohabitation has good effect on marriage, but it cannot replace it. Indeed, different people have different opinions. It doesn’t matter if you still think marriage is not necessary anymore. Time and experience will tell you the truth.Do you remember my cousin who vows solemnly to be single? She has already got married and had a lovely baby. Isn’t it the most wonderful life? Marriage is destiny, and it won’t be out of style forever! References Caroline. (1997). BBC News. Retrieved April 1, 2009 fr om http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/talking_point/33312. stm Hewitt Belinda. (2006). ‘Trial Marriage’: Is premarital cohabitation an effective risk minimisation strategy for marriage breakdown? Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://eprints. qut. edu. au/6134/1/Hewitt_FIN. pdf James Walsh. Why People Don’t Want to Get Married.Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. rightarticle. com/Article/Why-People-Don-t-Want-to-Get-Married-/67388 Kelly Knowles. (1999). BBC News. Retrieved April 1, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/talking_point/452257. stm Lisa Haynes. (1997). BBC News. Retrieved April 1, 2009, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/talking_point/33312. stm Michael G. Lawler. (2001). Changing Catholic Models of Marriage. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. americamagazine. org/content/article. cfm? article_id=1796 Nation statistics. (2009). Overview of Families.Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. statistics. gov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? id=1865 Po B ronson & Ashley Merryman. (2006). Has Being Married Gone Out of Style. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1547431,00. html? cnn=yes PS & SR Branch Welfare Services Group. Family Life Education Series-Why do we get married nowadays. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www. police. gov. hk/offbeat/849/eng/f01. htm Rich Rivers. Helium. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from http://www. helium. com/items/1412961-do-independent-women-need-a-permanent-man-or-marriage

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee - 1197 Words

The Innocence Within Thoughts are like seeds that take root in our minds. They spawn feelings and more thoughts that can have powerful consequences. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, the views of the townspeople in the 1930’s Southern town of Maycomb greatly impact the lives of two innocent men. The people make false accusations against Tom Robinson and Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley because they are different. These characters are representative of the author’s reoccurring symbol of the mockingbird, which signifies innocence, and subjects them to vulnerability. Tom Robinson and Boo Radley, although innocent, fall victim to the hatred of society and thus emerge as mockingbirds. Tom Robinson, is black man, who is wrongfully†¦show more content†¦Tom Robinson is wrongfully convicted of rape and eventually killed in prison, whereas Boo Radley is killed emotionally because he is not accepted by society. Since it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, it is also a sin to kil l innocent souls like Tom and Boo. When Scout tries to understand why it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, Miss Maudie elucidates Atticus’s opinion more clearly by stating, â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy...They don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† (103). Mockingbirds sing and make beautiful music; however they mimic the songs of other birds, so they are seen through others. Tom and Boo are like mockingbirds because they are subject to the perceptions of the people of Maycomb. The townspeople knew these characters based on what others said about them. Consequently, Tom and Boo do not have their own â€Å"song† and are portrayed by others’ views of them. The mockingbird emerges as a metaphor for the wrong in harming innocent and defenseless people. Tom Robinson’s character exemplifies the mockingbird because he is a black man who is denied justice based on racial prejudice. After Mayella Ewell accuses Tom of rape, there is no way for him to be judged fairly because the narrow-minded, white townspeople are unable to get past their prejudices towards blacks. At his trial, Tom’s lawyer, Atticus, argues,Show MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird b y Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her t o publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

My Favorite Heroes Come From Ancient Greece And Rome

There are many heroes throughout history that are above average for what they do either for someone or for their attributes that help them have courage on the battle field. Some of my favorite heroes come from ancient Greece and Rome. The reason these types of heroes are my favorite is because not only do they show courage on the battlefield, but they also are good negotiators so that they can save lives from going to Elysium where they tend to live a happy and joyful life for those who were blessed by the gods and were heroic. There are four heroes that I am going to talk about in this paper. They range from Beowulf, which is Old Danish folklore to Achilles, which symbolizes an old Greek myth about being unstoppable in power. Then I†¦show more content†¦Another way Beowulf is a hero is when Grendal’s Mother kills Eschere and Beowulf goes and avenges the death of the kings prized fighter. Beowulf did many amazing things in his life that made him a hero. Not just in battle, but also with the citizens in the kingdom where he reigned. Those acts were consisting of slaying Grendal and his mother. As well as slaying a dragon that was terrorizing his kingdom even after it leaves him mortally wounded. His acts to the citizens included helping another king when the time came as well as when Beowulf protected his people from the dragon. There is another hero that is part of society that shows courage and bravery in many forms that are required for a hero. The next person I am talking about is Achilles. Now Achilles belongs to another part of the old world, I am talking about Ancient Greece. Achilles did many amazing things that named him one of the greatest mystical heroes for ancient Greece. The story of Achilles starts when he was supposedly born in the 1st century AD. The legend goes that Achilles was a half-blood, which back in those times meant half human and half god. It was said that when Achilles was a baby, he was dipped in the River Styx to try to make him immortal, but there is a disadvantage, you had to be connected on to your life line which is on a single part of your body. This part keeps you connected to the mortal world while the rest of your body wasted away. There are many characteristics that Achilles

Cyber Security Essay - 648 Words

Checkpoint: Cyber Security Paper The Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines cyber security measures taken to protect a computer or computer system (as on the Internet) against unauthorized access or attack Most people think that hackers are just people that want to mess up your computer, but real hackers break into systems because they want to see what they can do, then they might leave a message on the victims computer, but that’s it. So, the computer security people protect from those other hackers that want to mess up peoples computers. The means we take can as individual to protect ourselves in the cyber world is be anyomous on websites, don’t post your personal information ,have virus protection install on your computer, get spy†¦show more content†¦For example, if you go to your bank account website to check your account, I would delete the link to make sure that no one could access my information. In James case, he found someone else information and passwords. To his advantage, he could have forgotten that information and had access to someone account and gotten into their favorite websites with the passwords stolen their identify or something. The most important thing is do is to make sure you are getting rid of those cookies on you computer. Preventing Cookies from being stored to your hard drive is the first step to safeguarding your anonymity of the web. Cookies are small text files that your browser exchanges with a Web server. The invisible secret agents record information such as your password for a registered site. But because cookies may track your activities on the Web in ways that violate your privacy, you should control the information they share. In conclusion we say, when dealing with computers, security and privacy are together. Information stored on your own computer is not protected, unless you already taken steps to protect your data, anyone can read all files on your computer. Unlike E-mail messages you send are often stored in a Sent mail folder, they are vulnerable to compromise by anyone who accesses your hard disk. References: Cyber security. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved October 23, 2008,Show MoreRelatedCyber Security : Security And Security1880 Words   |  8 PagesCYBER SECURITY: Cyber Security also called computer security and IT security, is the assurance of data from theft or any harm to the gadget, the product and information stored on hardware. It incorporates controlling physical access to the equipment and additionally ensuring against code or data injection or via network access. The field is of developing significance because of the expanding dependence of PC frameworks in most societies. Computer frameworks now incorporate a wide assortment of keenRead MoreCyber Security And Cyber Attacks1503 Words   |  7 Pageshave could negatively impact organizations information security. A vast majority of organizations rely on computers and the internet to store its data. Cyber attacks can take place in a variety of industries that might the general population does not realize such as cellular communication services, airplane navigation systems, and medical record security. All of these organizations are in highly diverse industries but need to be aware of cyber threats that could affect their specific industry. TheRead MoreCyber Security And Cyber Attacks Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Cyber security is a major concern for every department, business, and citizen of the United States because technology impacts every aspect of our daily lives. The more we use technology the more complacent, we get with the information that is stored within our cyber networks. The more complacent, we get, the more vulnerable we become to cyber-attacks because we fail to update the mechanisms that safeguard our information. Breaches to security networks are detrimental to personal,Read MoreCyber Security And The Cyber Threat763 Words   |  4 Pagesdeal with the impact of the cyber-threat. With this in mine, security awareness training is economical and obvious choice for organization of all sizes. Many companies invest heavily in cyber security education programs for all employees to learn how to protect their computers and personal information and how to be aware of the cyber criminals that sour the Web in search of targets and vulnerabilities. For the most part the training should include educating users on security concepts such as be conversantRead MoreCyber Security And Cyber Threats Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pageshas been confronting issues of cyber-attacks to such an extent that majority of the patients feel every moment that they are at great risk and thus their treatment processes suffer a lot.(Hacking Healthcare IT in 2016) The small sized clinics do not have many resources to enhance their information security systems. Even the large sized enterprises are vulnerable to the cyber threats. The White House had declared that it would increase opportunities to tackle the cyber threats in every sphere, but theRead MoreSecurity Plan For Cyber Security1496 Words   |  6 Pagesproportions being allocated to relevant cyber defence mediums which have been ongoing since 2007. Table 2.2 illustrates Estonian cyber defence strategies 2007 – 2010. Cyber Security Strategy Date Implemented Action Plan to Fight Cyber Attacks July 2007 Revised Implementation Plan 2007 – 2008 of the Estonian Information Society Strategy 2013 September 2007 Cyber Security Strategy May 2008 Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence 2008 Cyber Security Council May 2009 Emergency Act June 2009Read MoreCyber Security and Cyber Weapons3827 Words   |  16 Pagescommunicate  by  sending  text  files  to  each  other.  Soon  however  the  internet  became  a  public  place  to store  and  access  information.  As  more  and  more  personal  and  classified  information  gets  stored,  it  is only  natural  that  people  try  to  find  a  way  to  steal  information  for  their  own  benefits.  Cyber  skirmishes are  right  now  being  fought  online  to  get  more  information.  Ã‚  Bruce  Berkowitz  said:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The  ability  to collect,  communicate,  process,  and  protect  information  is  the  most  important  factor  defining  military power.†Ã‚  Berkowitz  argues  that  weaRead MoreThe State Of Cyber Security1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe state of Cyber Security in 2016 is a grim one, every day on the news we hear about another bank or online service getting hacked and consumer information being sold on the darknet, an â€Å"invisible† part of the internet where hackers and criminals sell personal information among other items, or a presidential candidates emails being released. Being a part of the IT community, I am more aware of all these occurrences than the average person who just uses the internet for checking email and seeingRead MoreCyber Security3559 Words   |  15 PagesCYBER SECURITY INTRODUCTION It is also known as â€Å"Computer Security or IT security†. It is applied to the security of computer, computer network and the data stored and transmitted over them. Today the computer system are used in wide variety of â€Å"smart devices, including Smartphone’s,   televisions  and tiny devices as part of the  Internet of Things, and networks include not only the  Internet  and private data networks, but also  Bluetooth,  Wi-Fi  and other  networks. Computer security covers all theRead MoreCyber Security And Security Of The Users1520 Words   |  7 Pagesinfotainment [1]. When these kinds of services are introduced, they also bring in the vulnerabilities associated with them, resulting in increased number of security threats and attacks. Hence, it is very important to ensure that these services do not compromise the safety and security of the users [2]. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of cyber security in vehicular networks by analyzin g its vulnerabilities, challenges and solutions. I. Introduction Vehicular networks consist of in-vehicle networks

Personality and Job Performance Purposeful Work Behaviour

Question: Describe about the Personality and Job Performance for Purposeful Work Behaviour. Answer: Introduction This paper is based on a research aiming at determining the relationship between job performance and personality. The topic of the relationship between job performance and personality is the most studied subject by the Organizational behavior students and industrial psychologists (Barrick Mount 2013, p. 136). Job performance is defined by Barrick and Mount (2013) as a construct which is multi-dimensional. It indicates how best employees perform their duties and the initiative they take that results to how the resourcefulness they portray in solving problems. Furthermore, it also shows how the employees utilize the available resources and the energy and time that they spend on their tasks (Barros et.al 2014, p. 440). What affects the job performance can be affected by some situational factors that include the organization, features of the job, and the co-workers. Therefore, job performance is mainly influenced by the need for change, amplitude, effective temperate, self-regard, and the interaction between the named constructs. In regards to this fact, most psychologists have over time questioned the credibility of the importance of personality with regards to prediction of job performance. However, going by the illustration by Hassan et.al (2016), most of the research on matters of personality and job performance has yielded evidence that relates the two with personality being a useful tool in measuring any job-related criteria. In an attempt to discuss more on the topic, we look at the relationship between job performance and personality from the traits point of view, also regarded as the five personality dimensions. Before studying the concepts under the big five personality dimension, it is relevant to understand that the relevance of the dimensions differs by culture. The dimensions include conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Openness to experience. Neuroticism. This is a personality dimension that is normal. Neuroticism indicates the universal tendency to experience negative effects like anger, sadness, embarrassment, guilt, disgust, and fear. The individuals having high score in this category may be subjected to higher risks of psychiatric problems. According to Brown and Sitzmann (2011), a higher Neuroticism score implies that the person is prone to experiencing unreasonable ideas and poor coping with stress. More so, the individuals in this category can be said to be having difficulties in controlling impulses too. However, the individuals who experience low score of Neuroticism have higher emotional stability. It is, therefore, evident that Neuroticism is an ideal predictor of performance in various occupations. Going by their assertion, emotional stability is regarded as the second most among the important characteristics that are known to affect the employment of a candidate. It was noted further that Neuroticism is inversely proportional to the job performance. Nevertheless, Chan (2014) predicts that Neuroticism only predicts the job performance in specific circumstances. Extraversion. Talkativeness, assertiveness, and sociability all fall under Extraversion. It is within this dimension that we find the terms "extroverts" and introverts." Extraverts tend to be more optimistic and energetic whereas introverts are a bit reserved, independent, and even-paced. Furthermore, Dala and Crede (2013) insists that positive experiences and feelings characterize Extraversion, hence seen as a positive effect. Most research points at Extraversion as an ideal predictor of job performance that are characterized by social interactions like managers and sales personnel. Lloyd (2016) also found out that Extraversion affects the job performance of a police officer basing his arguments on the existence of a higher level of interaction in the police service. Openness to Experience. Openness to Experience comprises of the attentiveness to the inner feelings, active imagination, and preference for variety, aesthetic sensitivity, independence of judgment, and the intellectual curiosity. The individuals that score low on the openness are always a bit of conventional in both the behavior and also conservative in the outside look. On the other hand, the individuals with higher scores in this category are somehow muted with preparedness to question authority and also ready to entertain political and social ideas as well as entertaining new ethical ideas. A recent research ascertains that Openness to Experience is one of the best dimension applicable in matters dealing with consultations. The findings had it that most successful employees had a low score on the Openness to Experience. However, Natoli (2003) contradicts the same and states that it is not one of the best or invalid predictor of job performance. This is explainable by considering after establishing that different jobs have different requirements, hence not standard. Agreeableness. In simpler term, this concept refers to an individual who is fundamentally altruistic who does not only sympathize, but also eager to help others in given situations. On the other hand, a disagreeable are rather skeptical of other people's intentions. Agreeableness is an important predictor of an individual's performance. It is further clear that agreeable is the master when it comes to predicting the job performance. Having said that, it is a debatable source of success in occupations that involves teamwork and customer service. Conscientiousness. Shaffer and Postlethwaite (2013) explains conscientiousness to be the self-control achievable and useful in planning, determined, and strong-willed. On the other hand, a higher conscientiousness workers would develop annoying fastidiousness, workaholic behavior, or compulsive neatness. Again, the low scoring individuals in this category may have the morals, yes, but might fail to apply them appropriately. According Zigarmi et.al (2016), the relationship between job performance and Conscientiousness is attributable to the relationship between integrity and Conscientiousness (Hassan et.al 2016, p. 12). Furthermore, goal setting and autonomy influences the relationship between conscientiousness. Discussion Most people believe that the personality factors plays a very crucial part in job performance. However, the psychologists have a different literature that regards the issue of personality factors as equivocal. Therefore, Dala and Crede (2013) concluded that the ground for optimism with reference to the implementation of personality tests in predicting the performance of the employees. It is believed that the workers who lean most towards Extraversion and are vulnerable to have irrational ideas are poor in coping up with stressful conditions. Such individuals are known to be less creative compared to the emotionally stable. Therefore, given that the extraversion is associated with creativity and performance, it tends to experience utmost positive affect in employees. The conical analysis is a confirmation that the Openness to Experience is correlated to the performance and creativity. With regards to this, the employees who tend to be open to experiences shows attentiveness to feelings, aesthetic sensitivity, and active imagination. As a result, such employees always attract higher ratings on their performance and creativity at the workplace. Similarly, Conscientiousness is also associated with creativity and task performance. As confirmed by Lloyd (2016), the conscientious employees are better than the less conscientious in performing the duties at the workplace. Furthermore, the management performance is confirmed to be related to the emotional stability and openness to experience. However, some limitations still crop up whenever the topic on job performance and personality is discussed. To begin with, the latest research that was conducted on the same lack the predictive validity design. This results to the fleeing of most of the poor performers who cannot cope with the system at the place of work. Therefore, it is advisable to establish the most accurate direction of the. Limitations, Contributions, and Future Research In order to establish the facts, the topic requires a direct engagement with the subjects, who tend to be employees of a given organization. On the same note, it is clear that whenever a research is performed, the point of exhaustion of the list of traits that can moderate the personality. Also, it might become a tasking operation in determining all other cues. As stated by Brown and Sitzmann (2011), most researchers tend to focus mostly on the job-based or task-based cues such as human resource systems or social factors. Therefore, to enhance future research, there is a need for studying the variables as the situational moderators. Secondly, most models used in the research tends to ground in the degree at which the personality traits expresses themselves in the job performance. Therefore, the possibility in the case for which the personality expresses itself in behavior is omitted. According to Eggerth (2015), there is a necessity of ensuring that more appropriate approaches are developed for future research. The improvisation should aim at researching on how situations activate or impede the expression of the traits and how the traits get manifested in specific job behaviors that lead to performance. Besides, some cases tend to be irregular for instance in a case where an extravert feels like or behave like an extravert, or feel more motivated to produce the assertion behaviors. The third related issue is the measurement consideration. This aspect is mainly dependent on the intimately situational differences. This difference revolves around the organization, occupation, and the nature of the work. Looking at this, a typical example is a case whereby an accountant would prefer to work as an accountant in a keratin organization or place but not at another organization. This means that motivations and ability of each employee determine the job performance of each employee. Furthermore, at times idiosyncrasies develops making every other person argue that situational approach is the best. Another possible explanation that brings out the lack of pure relationship between the the task performance and dimensions of personality is the ineffective well-defined correlation between the two. It is, therefore, true to state that the personality dimensions influences the job performance in places where there is high autonomy (Lloyd 2016, p. 8). However, most studies have various limitations, to begin with, most research lacks the validity design which later affects the magnitude of the correlation coefficients that are obtainable. The most experienced disadvantage of the design is that most research is conducted amidst resignation of poor performers hence leading to wrong results. For that reason, most of the research designs fail to meet the criteria for determining the direction of the relationship obtained. Having done research on the interrelationship between the job performance and personality of a high school Principal, the result showed there is a direct relation between his traits and job performance. Looking at the principals personality character traits (introversion/extroversion) and the performance aspect (educational, managerial, professional, and administrative, it is true to say that there is a correlation. It comes out true to the assertion by Glavin (2015) that a performance of extroverted employees or top managers is better than for the introverted fellows. In considering the multiple regressions obtained about the personality characteristics and the employees performance score, the results shows variation. The central question that needs a lot of understanding is the relationship between an introverted principal and extroverted principal considering their various administrative and managerial procedures. The study has investigated the correlation between the five personality traits and the job performance based on the role of multidimensional organizational commitment. The theoretical model which was developed and the personality to commitment and performance shows that the consequence of organizational commitment is inevitable (Wei 2016, p. 872). The argument, therefore, stands that the commitment of an organization plays a vital part to determine the performance- personality relationship. Having said that, affective commitment also has a mediating part in determining the correlation between job performance and extraversion. Similarly, affective commitment can also resolve the relationship between job performance and neuroticism. Personality and job performance Going by the large-scale research data obtained from thousands of employees on the relationship between job performance and personality, Seddigh et.al (2016) argues that certain personality traits are relevant and significantly predict job performance. With this assumption, the possibility to support the use of personality in some employee selection in given job categories. The following are some of the specified job categories where a selection of employees can be based on specific personal traits. Sales Considering the sales position, conscientiousness is one of the best traits necessary in predicting the future performance. Apart from conscientiousness, extraversion as a trait comes second and is also necessary. With that, it follows that an employee with conscientiousness and extraversion traits makes the best sales person (Eggerth 2015, p. 458). Customer Service Given that the employee in this sector mingles with a lot of individuals from different diversities and background, it requires that the employees have multiple traits. In this category, conscientiousness again is the first character necessary in predicting the expected performance by the employee. Besides, Agreeableness and Openness to experience are also of great necessity when it comes to customer service job. According to Eggerth (2015), the call center employees productivity depends on their emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness which are all significant in improving. However, it creates an unusual mix that implies the complexity pattern of personality-based jobs that are rather demanding and complicated depending on the interpersonal interactions. Wei (2016) shows another hierarchy on the same giving conscientiousness as the strongest predictor followed by emotional stability, which according to him, is less significant. Whether skilled or semi-skilled, it is evident that at some given time, ones personality would determine how he/she performs his/her duties. Professional With regards to professional occupations, each profession has a different mix of personal traits that predicts the performance. However, conscientiousness is common to any profession of all the big five traits. Conscientiousness is the mother of all the personal traits that significantly predicts performance (Eggerth 2015, p. 458). Leadership Leadership begins from somewhere and is seen in two ways. The first leadership deals with how a regular employee emerges as a leader, and the second phase is how they perform once they get to the managerial post. Leadership emergence is strongly associated with the conscientiousness and extraversion. On the same note, leadership effectiveness, and good managerial performance are also dependent on the conscientiousness and extraversion. The personal traits, therefore, makes an employee to get noticed as a potential leader but become less important once one clinch to the leadership position (Brown and Sitzmann 2011, p. 470). This is factual given that leadership roles are complex and different set of skills and personality traits are only effective to specific leadership. Personality vs. other predictors Whenever an organization gets overenthusiastic on the possibility of populating their staff with certain personalities, they tend to forget that personality only represents a segment of a wider picture. Besides, in each organization, the process of identifying the best predictors requires a vigorous job performance analysis. Therefore, it is important to note that each trait may be less or more important in different contexts. Recommendations Going by the findings of the various researches concerning personality and job performance, organizations have to do something extra in establishing the connection. It is necessary for the relevant bodies to envisage the personality of the employees while predicting managerial performance and creativity. However, conducting more research is necessary before using the results to predict job performance since they might not have been achieved in a particular context. On the same note, a broader sampling is needful when it comes to establish the relationship between personality dimensions and job performance. Furthermore, the affects of language and cultural differences on the relationship between dimension and job performance need to be considered in the study. Conclusion Of all the predictors, conscientiousness is above any other regarding performance prediction across all job types. Second in the hierarchy, after conscientiousness is emotional stability. However, depending on the type of job, additional traits might become necessary. For instance, the jobs that have a stronger interpersonal component such as managerial and customer service would require agreeableness and openness at higher levels in predicting the possible outcome of the performance. However, new researches are underway in determining the possibility and how to combine the specific traits for each of the big-five for more efficiency in predicting job performances. List of references Barros, E, Kausel, E, Cuadra, F, Daz, D 2014, 'Using General Mental Ability and Personality Traits to Predict Job Performance in Three Chilean Organizations', International Journal Of Selection Assessment, 22, 4, pp. 432-438, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Brown, K, Sitzmann, T 2011, 'Training and employee development for improved performance', APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol 2: Selecting and developing members for the organization pp. 469-503 Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association PsycBOOKS, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. BARRICK, M, MOUNT, M, LI, N 2013, 'THE THEORY OF PURPOSEFUL WORK BEHAVIOR: THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY, HIGHER-ORDER GOALS, AND JOB CHARACTERISTICS', Academy Of Management Review, 38, 1, pp. 132-153, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Chan, D 2014, 'Advances in modeling dimensionality and dynamics of job performance', The nature of work: Advances in psychological theory, methods, and practice pp. 211-228 Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association PsycBOOKS, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Dalal, R, Cred, M 2013, 'Job satisfaction and other job attitudes', APA handbook of testing and assessment in psychology, Vol. 1: Test theory and testing and assessment in industrial and organizational psychology pp. 675-691 Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association PsycBOOKS, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Eggerth, DE 2015, 'Job satisfaction, job performance, and success', APA handbook of career intervention, Volume 2: Applications pp. 453-463 Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association PsycBOOKS, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Fuller Jr., J, Kester, K, Cox, S 2010, 'Proactive Personality and Job Performance: Exploring Job Autonomy as a Moderator', Journal Of Managerial Issues, 22, 1, pp. 35-51, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Glavin, K 2015, 'Measuring and assessing career maturity and adaptability', APA handbook of career intervention, Volume 2: Applications pp. 183-192 Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association PsycBOOKS, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Hassan, S, Akhtar, N, YÄÂ ±lmaz, A 2016, 'Impact of the Conscientiousness as Personality Trait on both Job and Organizational Performance', Journal Of Managerial Sciences, 10, 1, pp. 1-14, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Lloyd, J 2016, 'When Personality, Not Performance, Is the Issue', Receivables Report For America's Health Care Financial Managers, 31, 2, pp. 9-10, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Lu, B, Guo, X, Luo, N, Chen, G 2015, 'Corporate Blogging and Job Performance: Effects of Work-related and Nonwork-related Participation', Journal Of Management Information Systems, 32, 4, pp. 285-314, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Natoli, JJ 2003, 'The Organizational Personality and Employee Performance', Nonprofit World, 21, 1, pp. 25-26, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Seddigh, A, Berntson, E, Platts, L, Westerlund, H 2016, 'Does Personality Have a Different Impact on Self-Rated Distraction, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance in Different Office Types?', Plos ONE, 11, 5, pp. 1-14, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Shaffer, J, Postlethwaite, B 2013, 'The Validity of Conscientiousness for Predicting Job Performance: A meta-analytic test of two hypotheses', International Journal Of Selection Assessment, 21, 2, pp. 183-199, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. 'Seek out the humble and honest: PERSONALITY TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER JOB PERFORMANCE' 2011, Industrial Engineer: IE, 43, 5, p. 12, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. Uppal, N, Mishra, S, Vohra, N 2014, 'Prior Related Work Experience and Job Performance: Role of personality', International Journal Of Selection Assessment, 22, 1, pp. 39-51, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. WEI, L 2016, 'EFFECTS OF POSITIVE MOOD AND JOB COMPLEXITY ON EMPLOYEE CREATIVITY AND PERFORMANCE', Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 44, 5, pp. 865-880, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016. ZIGARMI, D, HOUSON, D, DIEHL, J, WITT, D 2016, '10 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS GAPS', Training, 53, 4, pp. 30-32, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 September 2016.

physician assisted sucide Essays - Medical Ethics, Euthanasia

Ethical Issues in End-of-Life Care Robert M. Walker, MD The issues associated with appropriate end-of-life interventions involve ethical, moral, and legal decisions by patients and their physicians. Background: Physicians who treat patients approaching the end of life often face moral, ethical, and legal issues involving shared decision making, futility, the right to refuse medical treatment, euthanasia, and physician-assisted suicide. Methods: The author examines cases that involve these issues and also reviews the ethical principles that guide current medical practice. Issues such as end-of-life ethical questions, the right to life-sustaining therapy, medical futility, the distinction between killing and allowing to die, and physician-assisted suicide are discussed. Results: The principal problem involves the appropriate use of technology at the end of life. While developments in technology have enhanced our ability to prolong life, issues have also arisen regarding the resulting quality of life, the sometimes marginal benefits to our patients, and the burdens that this technology imposes on patients, families, and society. Conclusions: Legal and ethical issues continue to confront patients, courts, and physicians. A better understanding of these issues and an awareness of the availability of effective palliative care will help physicians, patients, and families adequately address the end-of-life issues that are an intrinsic part of medical care. Introduction Medicine?s technical advances of the past few decades have cast a shadow over its long-held ethic of compassionate care. The main problem has been the appropriate use of technology at the end of life. Should it be used on everyone, regardless of the chance of successful outcome or the burdens it imposes? If not, what ethical parameters guide the use and non-use of medical interventions? These questions are most sharp at the end of life because the burdens of intervention are often high, the benefits are marginal, and quality of life is markedly diminished. This article reviews the ethical principles that guide medical practice and then focuses on end-of-life ethical issues such as the right to life-sustaining therapy, medical futility, the distinction between killing and allowing to die, and physician-assisted suicide. Ethical Principles The core principles of medical ethics date from antiquity and are commonly labeled "beneficence" and "nonmaleficence." The principle of beneficence holds that physicians should aim to "benefit the sick," while nonmaleficence means to "do no harm" in the process. These principles are reflected in medicine?s chief goal, which is to help the sick by returning them to health and lessening the suffering and decline that is often associated with their diseases.1 The central question in the care of the dying is the appropriate use of life-sustaining interventions. In some cases, there is little or no benefit to be gained by these interventions, and yet the potential for significant harm commonly remains. Ordinarily, when the benefits are clearly outweighed by the potential harms of intervention, the use of that intervention is properly regarded as inappropriate. But who has the ultimate authority to decide the matter of appropriateness? Should it be the physician alone? Should inappropriate ness be decided at the policy level? From an ethics point of view, the patient is the one to decide about forgoing life-sustaining interventions, based on the third ethical principle ? patient autonomy. The principle of autonomy, or respect for persons, has its roots in analytic philosophy and has become synonymous with the concept of self-determination.2 This concept was expressed well by Justice Cardozo in a famous medical malpractice case: "Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body."3 The principle of autonomy lies at the root of the medical and legal doctrine of informed consent and also at the root of decisions by patients to forgo life-sustaining treatment at the end of life. The fourth ethical principle is that of distributive justice, which guides the fair allocation of medical resources. Justice considerations arise in end-of-life care when one compares the high cost of marginally beneficial end-of-life care to the lack of funding for the basic care of a large portion of our country?s residents. While the issues surrounding medical costs and the design of just health care systems are complex and important, they require a social policy level approach and should not be left simply to the physician at the bedside. The principle of

buy custom Means of Empowering Nurses essay

buy custom Means of Empowering Nurses essay Certification is one of the ways of empowering nurses since it validates their competency and increases their chances of experiencing professional growth. However, certification comes at a cost and one has to spend time pursuing the certification process. Certified nurses are often regarded as specialty leaders in their practice. For a nurse to get certification, many hours have to be spent in a program that facilitates the certification process. Therefore, the initials that are found in names of some nurses indicate more than professional excellence; they also indicate the efforts that the nurse made in pursuing a program that would facilitate the recognition of her individual nursing excellence in a particular specialty. While certification plays a very important role in the nursing profession, it also has a share of problems. The implication created by certification by specialty is that nurses practice as autonomous groups. These groups are established in the process through which different nurses are required to meet different qualifications in order to be certified. Practice, education and experience requirements differ from one specialty to another. Specialty organizations have in the past been trying to propose the creation of a nursing specialty board at the national level whereby certification criteria and standards would be established uniformly. The presupposition of this proposal was that this would increase the value of credentials in a scenario where there is wide variation in nursing certification programs, thereby improving professionalism in nursing. Certification is a means of empowering nurses. Specialty certification benefits the individual nurse, the area of specialty where the nurse practices, (and generally, the nursing profession), the institution and the entire community. Gibson (1989), (cited in Tenney, Demoucell Wias, 1992) revealed in a research study on nurses perceptions of specialty certification that nurses anticipated an automatic validation of professional achievement as well as an improvement in their self-image upon becoming certified. The study also revealed that 84% of all the 493 respondents who were surveyed said that certification would enable them make improvements in patient care skills. Nurses with specialty certification tend to get respect and great admiration from their peers because of their expertise and advanced knowledge. Certification stimulates many nurses to stay up-to-date with knowledge and practice since they are often exposed to continuing education. Additionally, certification makes it easy for nurses to find opportunities for private practice, where they can take up career roles as expert witnesses or consultants (Tenney, Demoucell Wians, 1992) This research explores the perceptions that influence nurses into seeking specialty certification. The research delves into benefits of getting nursing certification with a view to find different perceived benefits and inherent, self-evident benefits. The main aim of this research, therefore, is to clarify the validity of different benefits of getting certified. Tenney, Demoucell and Wians (1992) lists five main different areas where benefits are achieved through specialty nursing certification: (a) to the individual nurse, (b) areas of specialty practice, (c) the nursing profession, (d) the nursing institution, and (e) the community. This research will explain the benefits of nursing in all these different areas, although the main emphasis will be on the benefits that accrue to the individual nurse, the main aim being to try and disentangle inherent benefits from mere perceptions. To the specialty practice, certification makes it easy for different levels of competence in the practice to be clearly drawn out and defiined. Through certification, the legitimacy a certain specialization is guaranteed. To the nursing profession, certification is a form of self-regulation. A nurse is recognized through the validity of his proficiency. A nurse who is certified in a certain areas is considered to have mastered a certain body of highly specialized knowledge, has adhered to certain established standards and has become competent in terms of practice and experience. The nursing institution, too, derives many benefits through certification, one of them being creation of a basis for hiring, promotions, wage increases, and provision of practice privileges. Certification is a good basis for third-party payment (Edari and Staff, 1979 cited in Tenney, Demoucell Wians, 1992). The community benefits through certification through improvement in quality in the care given to patients. For a nurse to become certified, he has to commit some time, money and energy into the certification process. There are exams to be taken, and this means drawing up study plans for several months that precede the exam. Demauro (2008) says that today, certifications are available for almost every nursing specialty such as the American Nursing Credentialing Center (ANCC) or Board of Certification for American Nurses). The ANCC certifies nurses in more than 20 different specialties. Certification, adds Demauro, is a good basis of getting a pay increase, whereby certified nurses according to national salary statistics, earn more compared to their uncertified colleagues with the same level of academic qualifications. According to Demauro (2008) many nurses are motivated to seek certification since it carries the same connotation regardless of where one works in the military, NGOs, private practice and so on. National salary surveys indicate that it becomes easy for certified nurses to get better-paying jobs that fall squarely along their chosen career paths. Buy custom Means of Empowering Nurses essay