Skullcandy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Skullcandy - Essay Example The aim of this report is to highlight the team structure used in the development of new products at Skullcandy. In addition, the report would also highlight the reasons for adopting such a team structure along with the size and growth of the company. The team structure applied for the new product development at Skullcandy was a mixture of topologies. It was observed that from senior management to employees, every single employee was involved in the development process. This indicates that the team structure applied was a mixture of lightweight and heavyweight topologies. Types of developments teams include; functional teams, lightweight teams, heavyweight teams and autonomous team structures. At Skullcandy, the team structure that was applied for the new product development was a combination of lightweight and heavyweight team structures. But because the company’s size was small, the company was focusing more on lightweight team structure and generally smaller firms rely on lightweight team structure.... The aim of this team was to gain initial sales contracts based on the prototypes provided by the designers. d) The last team that was involved in the new product development was for design refinement. This evidence proves that the team structure used in the development of new product was lightweight. On the other hand, the heavyweight team structure was also involved in the development of new product. Some of the evidence for the involvement of heavyweight teams area as follows; a) Josh Poulsen was responsible for handling the lightweight teams so that they could meet their deadlines effectively. b) Dan Levine was responsible for taking major decisions regarding the product. c) Before the manufacturing of the product, the last decision was taken by Rick Alden, the founder of the company, as tooling of the product entails large irreversible investment. Growth and Size Influencing Development Process The company that came into existence to provide the customers with headphones that could serve dual purpose was smaller in size but the company was growing at a very fast pace. In its initial years, the company broke its $1 million in sales in 2005 and in the following year, the company was able to increase its sales up to $10 million. In 2007, the company was able to attract most of the customers and the revenues of the company accounted for $35 millions. In the following year, the company was able to double its sales figures and revenues. The sales figure for 2008 was $86.5 million followed by over $100 million. This indicates that the company was doubling its sales figures which eventually led to the growth of the company but was unable to enhance its size. To meet the demands of the

The Famous Poetry Of Amy Lowell

The Famous Poetry Of Amy Lowell Who was Amy Lowell? For the very few that do remember her, regard her as an obese, homosexual, and lonely, unmarried woman that enjoyed smoking cigars and wearing mens shirts. However, we overlook the fact that she is well-known for bringing the Imagist movement to the United States and that she is solely responsible for the creation of the polyphonic prose. Also, no one discusses how she a broke free from societys standards of what a young woman should be Brought up in a prestigious, affluent household, she was taught how to be a young lady. Being a Lowell daughter, she would then be married off at the age of seventeen, but no marriage proposal arrived for her that year. Since she had no right to an education, it was then that this seventeen-year-old girl began to educate herself by immersing herself in her fathers 17,000-volume library, where she discovered poet John Keats. From within the constraints of society, Lowell was able to break away and discover her true self. She once s aid: For books are more than books, they are the life, the very heart and core of ages past, the reason why men worked and died, the essence and quintessence of their lives. Amy Lowell lived by this very idea. Her books and her poetry are what gave her life and meaning. Through such, Lowell delved herself into the depths of nature and emotion as her key subjects when writing poetry. One specific quality of Lowells poetry was that she used sharp, clear language along with vivid imagery to make a statement. She saw no need in inserting vague and ambiguous references. To her the best poetry was that which flowed by itself as in everyday language. There was no need to abide by the limitations that certain types of poetry brought about, such as Italian sonnets with their a-b-b-a format. Lowell is able to portray this very thought process beautifully in Lilacs, which is one of the best representations of imagist poetry. The overall poem has no hidden or deeper meaning to it and in fact, can be taken completely literally, which is one of the reasons it holds so strong among other imagist poetry. The poem begins with Lilacs,/ False Blue,/ White,/ Purple,/ Color of Lilac, which Lowell continues to repeat at the beginning of stanzas 2 and 4 as well. This repetition of the subject, allows the reader to refocus on the true topic of the poem. At the same time, Lowell in the first stanza uses apostrophe to speak directly to the lilacs, referring to them as you. The speaker continues to state that the lilacs are everywhere in this New England, watching a deserted house, as well as settling sideways into the grass of an old road (21, 17, 18). Slowly, Lowell begins to focus less and less on the physical characteristics of the lilacs, but more so on what they are physically doing and what they are capable of doing, personifying the lilacs in the process. The lilacs are now standing by the pasture-bars to give the cows good milking, persuad[ing] the housewife that her dishpan was of silver, and flaunt[ing] the fragrance of [its] blossoms (28, 29, 31). Through these acts, the reader quickly sees the lilacs as benefiting the things and people around them. Finally towards the Put in conclusion: For the rest though, she continues to be just another poet lost in the depths of history. Lilacs,   False blue,   White,   Purple,   Color of lilac,   Your great puffs of flowers   Are everywhere in this my New England.   Among your heart-shaped leaves   Orange orioles hop like music-box birds and sing   Their little weak soft songs;   In the crooks of your branches   The bright eyes of song sparrows sitting on spotted eggs   Peer restlessly through the light and shadow   Of all Springs.   Lilacs in dooryards   Holding quiet conversations with an early moon;   Lilacs watching a deserted house   Settling sideways into the grass of an old road;   Lilacs, wind-beaten, staggering under a lopsided shock of bloom   Above a cellar dug into a hill.   You are everywhere.   You were everywhere.   You tapped the window when the preacher preached his sermon,   And ran along the road beside the boy going to school.   You stood by the pasture-bars to give the cows good milking,   You persuaded the housewife that her dishpan was of silver.   And her husband an image of pure gold.   You flaunted the fragrance of your blossoms   Through the wide doors of Custom Houses-   You, and sandal-wood, and tea,   Charging the noses of quill-driving clerks   When a ship was in from China.   You called to them: Goose-quill men, goose-quill men,   May is a month for flitting.   Until they writhed on their high stools   And wrote poetry on their letter-sheets behind the propped-up ledgers.   Paradoxical New England clerks,   Writing inventories in ledgers, reading the Song of Solomon at night,   So many verses before bed-time,   Because it was the Bible.   The dead fed you   Amid the slant stones of graveyards.   Pale ghosts who planted you   Came in the nighttime   And let their thin hair blow through your clustered stems.   You are of the green sea,   And of the stone hills which reach a long distance.   You are of elm-shaded streets with little shops where they sell kites and marbles,   You are of great parks where every one walks and nobody is at home.   You cover the blind sides of greenhouses   And lean over the top to say a hurry-word through the glass   To your friends, the grapes, inside.   Lilacs, False blue,   White,   Purple,   Color of lilac,   You have forgotten your Eastern origin,   The veiled women with eyes like panthers,   The swollen, aggressive turbans of jeweled pashas.   Now you are a very decent flower,   A reticent flower,   A curiously clear-cut, candid flower,   Standing beside clean doorways,   Friendly to a house-cat and a pair of spectacles,   Making poetry out of a bit of moonlight   And a hundred or two sharp blossoms.   Maine knows you,   Has for years and years;   New Hampshire knows you,   And Massachusetts   And Vermont.   Cape Cod starts you along the beaches to Rhode Island;   Connecticut takes you from a river to the sea.   You are brighter than apples,   Sweeter than tulips,   You are the great flood of our souls   Bursting above the leaf-shapes of our hearts,   You are the smell of all Summers,   The love of wives and children,   The recollection of gardens of little children,   You are State Houses and Charters   And the familiar treading of the foot to and fro on a road it knows.   May is lilac here in New England,   May is a thrush singing Sun up! on a tip-top ash tree,   May is white clouds behind pine-trees   Puffed out and marching upon a blue sky.   May is a green as no other,   May is much sun through small leaves,   May is soft earth,   And apple-blossoms,   And windows open to a South Wind.   May is full light wind of lilac   From Canada to Narragansett Bay.   Lilacs,   False blue,   White,   Purple,   Color of lilac.   Heart-leaves of lilac all over New England,   Roots of lilac under all the soil of New England,   Lilac in me because I am New England,   Because my roots are in it,   Because my leaves are of it,   Because my flowers are for it,   Because it is my country   And I speak to it of itself   And sing of it with my own voice   Since certainly it is mine.

Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay -- Post-traumatic st

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychological condition that occurs after a traumatic event. In the DSM-IV, it is characterized under anxiety disorders. Some common symptoms include, but are not limited to, intense fear, reliving the experience, persistent avoidance, numbing, diminished interest, and increased arousal. In order to be diagnosed, these symptoms need to be present for more than one month. Subsequently there are many types of treatment for this disorder. In particular the ones that will be discussed in depth are cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and lastly treatment for children and adolescents. To begin, the most widely practiced form of therapy for the treatment of PTSD is cognitive-behavioral therapy. There are a variety of techniques used in cognitive-behavioral therapy. An example would be, exposure therapy, which is the most well known technique. There are numerous ways to carry out this approach. Ordinarily, it begins with creating a scale of the anxieties. During a treatment session in which flooding is used, exposure to the highest item on the scale is set in motion. Others begin with anxieties that are rated moderately anxiety provoking (Foa, Keane, & Friedman, 2000, p.64). Exposure therapy methods share the common feature if confrontation with frightening stimuli that continues until the anxiety is reduced (Foa, Keane, & Friedman, 2000, p.64). When using exposure therapy it is important to also teach relaxation training, which helps them reduce the anxiety that is induced by the exposure. Systematic desensitization is a perfect illustration of this. Ranking the an xieties on order as to have a gradual increase in difficulty; exposure therapy begins, followed by relaxation training.... ...., (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ptsd: A case formulation approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Asmundsin, G.J.G., Barnhofer, T., Blackmore, M.A., Collimore, K.C., Daniel, J., Fennell, M.J.V., Foa, E.B., Glibert, P., Goga, P., Heimberg, R.G., Jacofsky, M., Kazantais, N., Khemlani-Patel, S., Kingdon, D., Konstadinidis, L., Kyrios, M., Leahy, R.L., Ledgerwood, D.M., Morasco, B.J., Neziroglu, F., Papageorgiou, C., Petry, N.M., Pinto, A., Rauch, S.A.M., Simos, G., Taylor S., Turkington, D., Weinstock, J. (2009). Cognitive behaviour therapy: A guide for the practicing clinician (Vol 2). New York, NY: Routlege. Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Drell, M. J. and Larrieu, J. A. 1995: Two approaches to diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 191-200.

Reaction Paper on Prejudice and Discrimination Essay

The world that we live in today, although improving, is tainted with cruelty and hatred toward different races. Usually, we have stereotypes about people who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. We regularly make these stereotypical generalizations based on experiences we have had ourselves, seen in movies or television, read about in books and magazines, or have had related to us by family and friends. Though all these are equally significant roots for the stimulation of stereotypes, media however, is a giant force. When thinking of the topics or behaviors of prejudice and stereotyping, I synonymously think of the movie â€Å"Crash,† which exposes different kinds of social and multicultural differences, giving a quick example of how these conducts can affect a society. These behaviors are viewed as thoughts and feelings that almost everyone has felt more than once. In the first scene of the movie, a Muslim man inside a firearm store is attempting to buy a gun. The owner is a white Caucasian male that presents a negative attitude towards the customer because of his Muslim background. This feeling triggers in the owner, negative attitudes based on the assimilation and stereotypes with the Muslim race. Being immediately associated with the Al Qaeda terrorist group, which was responsible for suicidal bombers that have killed thousand of Americans. This negative attitude and violence observed in this particular scene, is an example of prejudice, known as a negative feeling and predisposition of behavior towards a group or any member belonging to that group. This is an issue not only found in America but in the whole world. In our global economy requiring functional and respectful relationships between nations, prejudice and stereotypes can be a destructive force both in the world and in individual societies, especially in diverse ones. Acting on ones hatred can lead to behavior to what we now in days call â€Å"hate crime†, such as in the scene where they break into the Muslim’s man business and vandalize the place completely. Such acts can lead us to many disgraces even death. This movie shows us the different point of view of people in our society, it gives us an insight of the stereotypes we have build within our society, within the world. It invites us to see and understand how such a small stereotype and negative attitude can go a long way and affect people in different ways. Prejudice is found between gender, religion, cultural, geographical background, and race. People have discriminated against others based upon these attributes. Besides, prejudice is largely a function of ignorance. Today, there are so many different people in this world that stereotypes are almost always incorrect, as many people choose not to be followers, but to be individuals. Asians, African-Americans, Hispanics, Caucasians, and all other ethnic groups need to look past each other’s physical characteristics and start looking inside a person to see who they truly are. After all, personalities do not lie on the outside of one’s body, but in one’s mind. I believe that society needs to raise today’s children to accept all people, no matter what they do or do not believe in or what color skin they may have. In order to reduce prejudice and discrimination, it is considered that education for children is very important. For example, exchange student program that includes not only the one between different countries but also the one between different communities within the same area. If children are raised around people who are not the same as they are in school or community, then they will most likely not think anything different of people who do not look the same as them or believe what they believe. If humanity raises their children to believe all people are equal from the beginning, then prejudice will slowly disintegrate over time. The world needs to focus on not judging people before they know them for who they are. It is very important to let children have opportunity to know the differences and to be interested in differences because ignorance is the biggest source of prejudice.

The Different Forms and Styles of Essay Writing

eEssay An  essay  is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal  point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including:  literary criticism, political  manifestos, learned  arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an  article  and a  short story. Almost all modern essays are written in  prose, but works in  verse  have been dubbed essays (e. g. Alexander Pope's  An Essay on Criticism  and  An Essay on Man).While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like  John Locke's  An Essay Concerning Human Understanding  and  Thomas Malthus's  An Essay on the Principle of Population  are counterexamples. ————————————————- Forms and styles This section describes the different forms and st yles of essay writing. These forms and styles are used by a range of authors, including university students and professional essayists. Cause and effect The defining features of a â€Å"cause and effect† essay are causal chains that connect from a cause to an effect, careful language, and chronological or emphatic order.A writer using this rhetorical method must consider the subject, determine the purpose, consider the audience, think critically about different causes or consequences, consider a thesis statement, arrange the parts, consider the language, and decide on a conclusion. Classification and division Classification is the categorization of objects into a larger whole while division is the breaking of a larger whole into smaller parts Compare and contrast Compare and contrast essays are characterized by a basis for comparison, points of comparison, and analogies.It is grouped by object (chunking) or by point (sequential). Comparison highlights the similarities between two or more similar objects while contrasting highlights the differences between two or more objects. When writing a compare/contrast essay, writers need to determine their purpose, consider their audience, consider the basis and points of comparison, consider their thesis statement, arrange and develop the comparison, and reach a conclusion. Compare and contrast is arranged emphatically. DescriptiveDescriptive  writing is characterized by  sensory  details, which appeal to the physical senses, and details that appeal to a reader's emotional, physical, or intellectual sensibilities. Determining the purpose, considering the audience, creating a dominant impression, using descriptive language, and organizing the description are the rhetorical choices to be considered when using a description. A description is usually arranged spatially but can also be  chronological  or emphatic. The focus of a description is the scene.Description uses tools such as  denotative  languag e,  connotative  language,  figurative language,  metaphor, and  simile  to arrive at a dominant impression. [9]  One university essay guide states that â€Å"descriptive writing says what happened or what another author has discussed; it provides an account of the topic†. Lyric essays  are an important form of descriptive essays. Dialectic In the  dialectic  form of essay, which is commonly used in  Philosophy, the writer makes a thesis and argument, then objects to their own argument (with a counterargument), but then counters the counterargument with a final and novel argument.This form benefits from being more open-minded while countering a possible flaw that some may present. Exemplification An exemplification essay is characterized by a generalization and relevant, representative, and believable examples including  anecdotes. Writers need to consider their subject, determine their purpose, consider their audience, decide on specific examples, and arrange all the parts together when writing an exemplification essay. [ Familiar A familiar essay is one in which the essayist speaks as if to a single reader.He speaks about both himself and a particular subject. Anne Fadimannotes that â€Å"the genre's heyday was the early nineteenth century,† and that its greatest exponent was  Charles Lamb. [13]  She also suggests that while critical essays have more brain than heart, and personal essays have more heart than brain, familiar essays have equal measures of both History (thesis) A history essay, sometimes referred to as a thesis essay, will describe an argument or claim about one or more historical events and will support that claim with evidence, arguments and references.The text makes it clear to the reader why the argument or claim is as such. [15] Narrative A  narrative  uses tools such as  flashbacks,  flash-forwards, and  transitions  that often build to a climax. The focus of a narrative is the  plot . When creating a narrative, authors must determine their purpose, consider their audience, establish their point of view, use dialogue, and organize the narrative. A narrative is usually arranged chronologically. Critical A  critical  essay is an  argumentative  piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective  analysis  of the subject matter, narrowed down to a single topic.The main idea of all the criticism is to provide an opinion either of positive or negative implication. As such, a critical essay requires research and analysis, strong internal logic and sharp structure. Each  argument  should be supported with sufficient evidence, relevant to the point. Other logical structures The logical progression and organizational structure of an essay can take many forms. Understanding how the movement of thought is managed through an essay has a profound impact on its overall cogency and ability to impress.A number of alternative logical structures for essays have been visualized as diagrams, making them easy to implement or adapt in the construction of an argument. I just don’t know how these people live their lives pointing out the imperfections of other people? To think that those good people have nothing against them, and still they make issues about them. Isn’t it very immature of you to talk about other people everyday? Don’t you like get tired of being mean? Yeah, some people have rough edges, but is it right to blurt them out to everybody?To like tell everybody that this guy or this girl have these weird allergy and stuff, do you feel good about yourselves spreading those to everybody? â€Å"But I’m just saying the truth†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ B*tch please,  being honest is different from being a rude. If you have nothing good to say about others, then shut it. They don’t live their lives for you. They don’t live to impress you, and to be perfect just to hear your applauses. Whores, better stop whor in’ about other people ‘cause mature people wouldn’t stoop down to your level. You’re just proving how uneducated you are in terms of morals.

Pepsi Coca

Pepsi Coca Pepsi: Coca-cola and Pepsi Essay Running head: Investment Analyst 1 Investment Analyst ACC 557 Financial Accounting January 2014 Analyze each company’s history, product/ services, major customers, major suppliers, and leadership and provide a synopsis of each company Coca Cola is the world's largest producer of soft drink concentrates and syrups, as well as the worlds’ largest producer of juice and juice-drink products, the company holds a 45% interest in Coca Cola Enterprises. Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta in 1886. Over time the Coca-Cola Company has become the leading producer of soft drinks in the US and globally. Consumers can buy the products from vending machines, supermarkets, retailers, street vendors and store owners. Coke has millions of these partners in the more than 200 countries where it operates. This means that whenever anybody wants Coca-Cola they never have to go far to get it. Coke doesn't only provide the beverages, it also links its website to the iTunes site and give away millions of free music downloads. Coca-Cola offers a high quality of Coca-Cola's products and a very large product mix. It markets four of the world's top five soft drink brands and categorizes seven different types, which are energy drinks, juice/juice drinks, soft drinks, sports drinks, tea, coffee, and bottled water. Their brands are to ensure that all tastes are met and that the Coca-Cola Company remains at the top of every generation. In addition, the unique shape of the bottle is a big seller for Coca-Cola. In everything that Coca-Cola does from the selection of the ingredients to the manufacture of their products and their delivery to the market place they aim to be number one. Coke’s mission statement is To refresh the world... To inspire moments of optimism and happiness... To create value and make a difference. The vision is to serve as a framework for our Roadmap and guides every aspect of our business by describing what we need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people's desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. www.coca -cola.com Coke believes in people, partners, planet, profit, and productivity. Today Coca-cola leads the industry with more than 500 beverage brands including four of the world's top-five sparkling brands. Their business opportunities are enormous; their commitment to consumers and the communities in which they operate is greater (PepsiCo 2008). Caleb Bradham looking for ways to attract people to his pharmacy invented the beverage now known around the world as Pepsi-Cola. After the first advertisement the sales of the new soft drink began to explode. Throughout its existence Pepsi adjusted its marketing strategies trying to keep up with the social and economic conditions of its consumers. The breakthrough move by Pepsi was made in the late 1950s to capture the market of new generation of baby boomers. Our mission is to be the world's premier consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer essays

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer essays A mischievous boy who does whatever he wants. The life of this boy is almost liberal to as an adult and his Aunt Polly isnt helping much. He decides that this life isnt for him and runs away with a couple of his friends. This story was based on the authors experience as a boy. The story was about a boy named Tom who like all boys in his society hate to go to school. The love, Becky Thatcher, breaks his heart and after this he witnesses a murder of the young Doctor Robinson to a Native American Injun Joe. Tom and Huck runaway and make an oath to never tell anyone of what they just seen. They find out that their funeral is going to take place and hurry to witness it. Rejoiced by all of his friends back at his home he decides to stay and not come back. After the Muff Potter trials began he began to feel really guilty and testified against Injun Joe. When Potter is acquitted Injun Joe escapes from a window. He flees to an abounded house. Tom and Huck decide to go look for treasure at the same house in that house and not aware of Injun Joes presence. Injun Joe is under the suspicion that someone maybe in that house as well other than him so instead of reburying the gold he decides to take it. Huck find him and watches his every move to nab the gold. Meanwhil e Tom goes off to the cave to have a picnic with his classmates. He and Becky Thatcher get lost in the cave and run into Injun Joe. The search party is sent and when they were just about to give up out comes Tom and Becky. Judge Thatcher locks the cave so Injun Joe can starve to death. Tom and Huck come back to the cave and discover a box of gold. It is invested in them and then Huck decides to runaway from civilization. Tom said if he comes back he can join his group to robbers. Obviously, Huck agrees. This story was based on the authors experience because, when he was younger, he would do a lot of the thing Tom and Huck would do. He would go have adventures w ...

How to Use String Substitution in Ruby

How to Use String Substitution in Ruby Splitting a string is only one way to manipulate string data. You can also make substitutions to replace one part of a string with another string. For instance, in an example string (foo,bar,baz) replacing foo with boo in would yield boo,bar,baz. You can do this and many more things using the sub and gsub method in the string class. Many Options for Ruby Substitution The substitution methods come in two varieties. The sub method is the most basic of the two and comes with the least number of surprises. It simply replaces the first instance of the designated pattern with the replacement. Whereas sub only replaces the first instance, the gsub method replaces every instance of the pattern with the replacement. In addition, both sub and gsub have sub! and gsub! counterparts. Remember, methods in Ruby that end in an exclamation point alter the variable in place instead of returning a modified copy. Search and Replace The most basic usage of the substitution methods is to replace one static search string with one static replacement string. In the above example, foo was replaced with boo. This can be done for the first occurrence of foo in the string using the sub method or with all occurrences of foo using the gsub method. #!/usr/bin/env rubya foo,bar,bazb a.sub( foo, boo )puts b $ ./1.rbfoo,bar,bazgsub$ ./1.rbboo,bar,baz Flexible Searching Searching for static strings can only go so far. Eventually, youll run into cases where a subset of strings or strings with optional components will need to be matched. The substitution methods can, of course, match regular expressions instead of static strings. This allows them to be much more flexible and match virtually any text you can dream up. This example is a little more real world. Imagine a set of comma-separated values. These values are fed into a tabulation program over which you have no control (closed source). The program that generates these values is closed source as well, but its outputting some badly-formatted data. Some fields have spaces after the comma and this is causing the tabulator program to break. One possible solution is to write a Ruby program to act as glue, or a filter, between the two programs. This Ruby program will fix any problems in the data formatting so the tabulator can do its job. To do this, its quite simple: replace a comma followed by a number of spaces with just a comma. #!/usr/bin/env rubySTDIN.each do|l|l.gsub!( /, /, , )puts lend gsub$ cat data.txt10, 20, 3012.8, 10.4,11gsub$ cat data.txt | ./2.rb10,20,3012.8,10.4,11 Flexible Replacements Now imagine this situation. In addition to the minor formatting errors, the program that produces the data produces number data in scientific notation. The tabulator program doesnt understand this, so youre going to have to replace it. Obviously, a simple gsub wont do here because the replacement will be different every time the replacement is done. Luckily, the substitution methods can take a block for the substitution arguments. For each time the search string is found, the text that matched the search string (or regex) is passed to this block. The value yielded by the block is used as the substitution string. In this example, a floating point number in scientific notation form (such as 1.232e4) is converted to a normal number with a decimal point. The string is converted to a number with to_f, then the number is formatted using a format string. #!/usr/bin/env rubySTDIN.each do|l|l.gsub!( /-?\d\.\de-?\d/) do|n|%.3f % n.to_fendl.gsub!( /, /, , )puts lend gsub$ cat floatdata.txt2.215e-1, 54, 113.15668e6, 21, 7gsub$ cat floatdata.txt | ./3.rb0.222,54,113156680.000,21,7 Not Familiar With Regular Expressions? Lets take a step back and look at that regular expression. It looks cryptic and complicated, but its very simple. If youre not familiar with regular expressions, they can be quite cryptic. However, once you are familiar with them, theyre straightforward and natural methods of describing text. There are a number of elements, and several of the elements have quantifiers. The primary element here is the \d character class. This will match any digit, the characters 0 through 9. The quantifier is used with the digit character class to signify that one or more of these digits should be matched in a row. You have three groups of digits, two separated by a . and the other separated by the letter e (for exponent). The second element floating around is the minus character, which uses the ? quantifier. This means zero or one of these elements. So, in short, there may or may not be negative signs at the beginning of the number or exponent. The two other elements are the . (period) character and the e character. Combine all this, and you get a regular expression (or set of rules for matching text) that matches numbers in scientific form (such as 12.34e56).

Makting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Makting - Essay Example This would speed up the process of value addition and also expedite the development of new product. It greatly facilitates in putting effective measures to reinforce the behavior that they have identified with the customer’s changing preferences and priority. Advertisements are the other key facilitators that not only create need for new products but also help to increase the demand of existing products. While quality and relationship building are critical elements of marketing, the advertisements help to reinforce the need for the product and thereby hugely influence consumer’s purchase decisions. I would therefore use various media to promote the product. The various media in the region become vital tools to popularize the product. They also introduce ideas and help establish a distinct need amongst the target customers. Television is one of the most dynamic platforms for advertising goods and services. The innovation of idea that is creatively translated into advertisement on the television can successfully turn viewers into

Classical Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Classical Liberalism - Essay Example Locke attempted to protect some areas of personal life from governmental action. People should not be deprived of their property rights by the state. The acceptance of the government authority over people is to ensure that the latter protects their property and liberty. In ancient times, people enjoyed full-fledged freedom and liberty; and the state should endeavor to provide these rights (Stein 21). The Lockean perception states that the fundamental duty of the state is to protect private property. However, this theory has been discounted because the state has extended protection to only property that it creates and to the extent to which it deems to be sufficient. The state is the bestower as well as the depriver of property. Consequently, the restrictions imposed by the state on land use become an intrinsic part of the land (Epstein 129). A state that controls private property is akin to a dictatorship. Moreover, a state that strictly protects the right to private property, cannot address crises effectively. For instance, during times of war, natural disasters and economic depressions the state is empowered to control private property. However, classical liberalism requires the state to operate under certain limitations, while seizing private property. Therefore, a classical liberal society cannot survive in a real time environment and it cannot build gigantic projects like the Tennessee Valley Authority. Such classical liberal societies cannot deal with the Texas farmers in drought situations. There will be no technological advancement in a classical liberal society. It cannot launch expedition to outer space, and there would be no scientific experiments (Rockwell). The sole ruler of a society is its legislation, therefore, it is irrelevant as to who wins in the elections or who emerges as the president. Communities develop by themselves, and the future of the people is determined by their actions.

In what cases is U.S. military intervention in other countries Research Paper

In what cases is U.S. military intervention in other countries justifiable In what cases is it not - Research Paper Example In any case, America is fighting with other countries all the time one way or other. It is difficult to justify all these wars conducted by United States. The Afghanistan war can be justified up to certain extent because of the brutalities committed by the Muslim fundamentalist group Taliban. Moreover, America has support from the existing Afghanistan political regime in destroying Talibanism from Afghan soil. However, same thing cannot be said about the recent Iraq war. It was conducted against the will of the political administration in Iraq. Moreover, the reasons cited for attacking Iraq were rejected by other countries. The theory of weapons of mass destruction was indigestible to other countries. America is still struggling to justify Iraq war since they failed to seize any weapons of mass destruction from Iraq. This paper analyses in what cases is U.S. military intervention in other countries is justifiable and in what cases is it not. On March 20, 2003 America with the help of its allies attacked Iraq, accusing Iraq for the possession of illegal chemical, biological and nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction. Moreover, America explained to the world that the possession of such serious weapons may cause immense threat to the global peace. However, even after the execution of Saddam Hussein, American troops failed to seize any such weapons from Iraqi soil. ... It is illegal to attack a country for exploiting its natural resources. Sovereignty of a country should be respected in order to keep global peace intact. It is fact that most of the Middle Eastern countries including Iraq were administered by some dictators. However, spreading of democracy through war cannot be justified under any circumstances. Bush Jr. spent billions of dollars just for saving the pride of his father. The current financial crisis is believed to be the by-product of Iraq war. In other words, Iraq war not only affected the Iraqi people, but it affected the Americans also. Many of the American soldiers sacrificed their lives in Iraq in their efforts to bring peace back in Iraq. The cost of Iraq war can be better analyzed with the help of following illustration. (Cost of Iraq War and Nation Building) â€Å"According to an article by Stephen Gowans, the US command knowingly violated Article 54 of the Geneva Convention which prohibits any country from undermining objec ts indispensable to the survival of (another country's) civilian population" (Abuelo). Iraq war resulted in large scale looting and criminal disorder, especially in Baghdad and Basra. Coalition forces were quite unable to maintain public order and the Iraqi police forces largely withdrew from the major centers of population (Rogers, p.13). In other words, the coalition forces failed to keep their word they given to the external world; a peaceful Iraq without Saddam. In short, Iraq war or America’s intervention in Iraq could not be justified under any circumstances. The reasons cited for the wars were illogical and Americans forced pay big prices for this war in the form of big expenditure and the sacrifice of the lives of many of its people.

Christian Ethics Moral Compass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christian Ethics Moral Compass - Essay Example Customers normally prefer lower priced goods over the higher priced goods (Griffin, 2010). Going back to the issue, reducing the store prices to the level set by the competitors is economically correct. The store will be able to generate revenues. More customers will flock to the store to buy the products and services. With the high demand, the company or store will be able to stay in business for many years (Johnson, 2011). In addition, the giving of warranties to the customer will achieve the company or store’s purpose. The warranties will encourage the customers to trust the company or store. The warranties assure the customers that the company or store will be able to back up its sales Further, the company or store’s purpose process includes lowering its expenses in order to achieve the revenue targets. Lowering the store’s expenses allows the reduction of the company or store’s selling prices. The company or store correctly used old parts that were re cycled from other machines. The chosen machine sources are either damaged or no longer in use (Gill, 2011). In addition, God emphasized, â€Å"The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it (Genesis 2:15).† The first man, Adam, was immediately given a purpose in life. His job was to manage the Garden of Eden. Adam was immediately given a purpose in life, to take care of the Garden. As the story goes, Adam was also required to comply with some of God’s rules. The rules include God’s prohibiting Adam from eating the fruit of life. Just like in any organization, everyone, especially the organization’s requiring the leaders to comply with organizational rules. Craig Johnson (2011) emphasized that the purpose of leadership is to ensure that ethical values are implemented.  

Modernisation programme to increase productivity Essay

Modernisation programme to increase productivity - Essay Example To effectively pull off organisational change that creates positive outcomes is not just an administrative challenge; it is also a cognitive challenge. As it is, managers and organization leaders, just like people in general, find it complicated to think about dynamic experiences like feedback loops and time delays and easier to focus on instantaneous end products and detectable changes. The result is a focus on the short-term and local not the longer-term and global consequences from change, an issue that organisational inducements magnify. Hence, local enhancements in cost reduction or efficiency are presumed to do good to the firm as whole, while little attention is given to essentially guarantee results for the company The shipping industry is a segment of growing significance in world trade as it is the only method that is employed for the transfer of bulky deliveries that tenders the most economical and most gainful haulage compared to rail, road and air. A huge amount of the E uropean Union's trade with other nations and a large percentage of the intra-community trade are accomplished with sea transport and a sizeable quantity of all international U.S. shipments move by water transportation. The widespread procedure of ocean shipping transportation strengthens the considerable role of shipping firms within the supply chain structure environment since there is a correlation between the effectiveness and efficacy of these shipping organisations with that of the supply chain. However, because of shipping companies' significance and prominence in world trade, it they experience considerable issues and challenges in the course of their business operations. Currently, Linkspan Shipping is going through trading difficulties and because of these operational complexities, it aims to trim down outlays. A modernisation programme is called for that will lessen crewing personnel on board each of its ships. With this objective, the company intends to execute novel on-board technology that is expected to increase productivity and enhance working conditions for crew personnel. The process will entail the implementation of 1) integrated bridge systems, autopilot, etc; 2) flexible work models with the prospect of developing individual skills that include both engineering and deck hand duties, and; 3) a programme of ship renovation, entailing new cranes, revising other loading and unloading equipment and improve safety on board. To efficiently craft its programme design, effectively carry out the implementation and plan for its evaluation, strategies and recommendations are explicitly and concisely discussed below: 1) As an initial step, Linkspan must employ Enterprise Resource Planning towards managing the changes that will be implemented within the company. Basically, ERP provides a single information structure for organisation-wide coordination and integration of major business processes. With this approach, information that was formerly disjointed in several systems can flow effortlessly throughout the organisation thereby allowing such data to be shared by business processes either in technical updating, accounting, human resources, hauling operations or in other areas (Laudon and Laudon 2006, pp. 56-57). Basically, in implementing ERP, Linkspan will have four inherent justifications for wanting to avail this innovative scheme -- technology, business process, competitive and strategic. Technology justifications refer to technology dilemmas a firm is facing with its old computer systems, while business process rationales aim at improving Linkspan's' performance. Its competitive rational wil l be the need for the shipping company to stay competitive in business and the strategic reasons are those strategies which the firm intends to execute through ERP where its existing software does not support.

New States in World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New States in World Politics - Essay Example A new state can be defined as one whose people have acquired through any means,constitutional or war,complete independence in the way they carry their social-political and social economic activities.According to Albert, Brock and Wolff,civilisation has also led to new states being formed,as more nations have demanded self governemnt from their former states. In the wake of the World War II, there were numerous new states which arose. Similarly, after the world war, the struggle for independence in African and Asian countries, led by former World War II veterans who had been taken from European colonies in Africa and Asia, led to numerous new states in African and Asia. While these formations of these states led to the terms new states, these states are now all over fifty years old. Yet, new states seem to continue to blossom every now and then, the most recent example being south Sudan. Formation of new states has continued to reshape world politics in various ways. The major factor affecting the way new states continue to reshape global politics can be seen in the form of the special relationship between a state and a nation. While in common language, the words state and nation are used interchangeably by the lay man, from a political science point of view, it is clear that these two terms are completely different and that they may mean two different things. In a nutshell, state refers to a collection of people who are joined together by a political ideology. These people may not have any social or spiritual connection or oneness. On the other hand, a nation is made of communities who share their spiritual or social values and beliefs (Duncan, Webster & Switky, 2008). Although in many cases the existence of a state coincides with the existence of a nation, it is not always so. In this regard, where there is a discrepancy between the nation and state, the political surrounding that kind of state, both nationally and internationally has a problem. In cases where a state overlaps two or more nations, the state is likely to have internal rows leading to civil wars. The main cause for this is that the nations in the state may not share the same values, and this may lead to the people fighting over values, resources or just general politics. On the other hand, where a nation goes beyond the borders of ne state, the two states containing parts of single nations will most likely to have wars with each other. The formation of new states therefore has a very fundamental role in reshaping international politics (Teller, et al, 1964). A very good example is the demarcation of Sudan to make south Sudan and Sudan states. The issues that had existed for a long time in the former Sudan were the fact that it was one state which contained two nations, on in the northern part of the country and the other in the southern parts of the nation. Once the two states were separated to make two distinct states, the issue of civil war was overcome. However, this di d not guarantee that that the two nations would stop having quarrels. The separation of the two states actually led to some misunderstandings which today are not only affecting the two nations but also international politics (Albert, Brock, and Wolff, 2000). In this regard, t is possible to look at the various ways in which the formation of new nations affects international politics; New alliances With the formation of new states, two things always happen. First, it is good to note that new states are not formed from thin air, rather, they are formed from existing states and the process is always bloody (McCormick, 2011). While in some cases, the formation of new nations can be achieved through strong constitutional rules like was the case for India, the truth is that in over 90% of the new nations are made from bloody processes such as civil wars (in the case for Sudan), or militia wars against existing governments such as the in the struggle for independence in Africa.

Modernisation programme to increase productivity Essay

Modernisation programme to increase productivity - Essay Example To effectively pull off organisational change that creates positive outcomes is not just an administrative challenge; it is also a cognitive challenge. As it is, managers and organization leaders, just like people in general, find it complicated to think about dynamic experiences like feedback loops and time delays and easier to focus on instantaneous end products and detectable changes. The result is a focus on the short-term and local not the longer-term and global consequences from change, an issue that organisational inducements magnify. Hence, local enhancements in cost reduction or efficiency are presumed to do good to the firm as whole, while little attention is given to essentially guarantee results for the company The shipping industry is a segment of growing significance in world trade as it is the only method that is employed for the transfer of bulky deliveries that tenders the most economical and most gainful haulage compared to rail, road and air. A huge amount of the E uropean Union's trade with other nations and a large percentage of the intra-community trade are accomplished with sea transport and a sizeable quantity of all international U.S. shipments move by water transportation. The widespread procedure of ocean shipping transportation strengthens the considerable role of shipping firms within the supply chain structure environment since there is a correlation between the effectiveness and efficacy of these shipping organisations with that of the supply chain. However, because of shipping companies' significance and prominence in world trade, it they experience considerable issues and challenges in the course of their business operations. Currently, Linkspan Shipping is going through trading difficulties and because of these operational complexities, it aims to trim down outlays. A modernisation programme is called for that will lessen crewing personnel on board each of its ships. With this objective, the company intends to execute novel on-board technology that is expected to increase productivity and enhance working conditions for crew personnel. The process will entail the implementation of 1) integrated bridge systems, autopilot, etc; 2) flexible work models with the prospect of developing individual skills that include both engineering and deck hand duties, and; 3) a programme of ship renovation, entailing new cranes, revising other loading and unloading equipment and improve safety on board. To efficiently craft its programme design, effectively carry out the implementation and plan for its evaluation, strategies and recommendations are explicitly and concisely discussed below: 1) As an initial step, Linkspan must employ Enterprise Resource Planning towards managing the changes that will be implemented within the company. Basically, ERP provides a single information structure for organisation-wide coordination and integration of major business processes. With this approach, information that was formerly disjointed in several systems can flow effortlessly throughout the organisation thereby allowing such data to be shared by business processes either in technical updating, accounting, human resources, hauling operations or in other areas (Laudon and Laudon 2006, pp. 56-57). Basically, in implementing ERP, Linkspan will have four inherent justifications for wanting to avail this innovative scheme -- technology, business process, competitive and strategic. Technology justifications refer to technology dilemmas a firm is facing with its old computer systems, while business process rationales aim at improving Linkspan's' performance. Its competitive rational wil l be the need for the shipping company to stay competitive in business and the strategic reasons are those strategies which the firm intends to execute through ERP where its existing software does not support.

Power and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Power and Organization - Essay Example â€Å"A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do† (Dahl 1961 p. 202-203). Dahl chose to analyze decision-making on key issues only, and, furthermore, did not state objective criteria for the selection of such â€Å"key issues† (Dahl 1961). He held that he was able to identify subjective interests in the form of dominant policy preferences made visible by patterns of political participation in concrete key issue decision-making. Peter Bachrach & Morton S. Baratz (1962; 1963; 1970) fervently criticized this one-dimensional approach, asking whether a sound concept of power could be predicated on the assumption that it was totally embodied and fully reflected in â€Å"concrete decisions†.  Power is a term, which is defined in different ways by different theorist because power can be used as a means of influence in different ways. Way back, Max Weber has defined power as â€Å"Power is the probability that one a ctor within the relationship will be in the position to carry out his own will despite resistance (Weber, 1947, P.152). Nord has defined power in the context of mobilization of energy and resources to achieve one set of goals as against other sets of Goals. He defines power as follows. â€Å" Power is the ability to influence flows of the available resources towards certain goals as opposed to other goals. Power is assumed to be exercised only when these goals are at least partially in conflict with each other (Nord, 1978, P.675). Robbins has defined power in the more elaborate way when he says† Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B does something he or she would not otherwise do. This definition implies 1) A potential that need not be actualized to be effective 2) A dependence relationship, and 3) That B has some discretion over his or her behavior†.

Environmental Sustainability Practices with ICT

Environmental Sustainability Practices with ICT MGDI60701 Implementing Environmental Sustainability Practices in Developing Countries through ICT Wordcount: 4370 (excluding references) Introduction An outstanding attributes of ICT (information and communications technology) is its crosscutting aspect and its speed, with regards to quick adaptation (Pohjola, 2003). For instance, about four decades ago television broadcasting, landline telephone and postal deliveries were the key mediators in the flow of information, but this flow of information occurred only on one direction. User-generated content was very minimal. However, in the current day and age, countries around the world have been more interconnected via several facilities of ICT and the flow of information happens in multiple directions, with very heavy influence of user-generated content especially through social media (Yin et al., 2012). ICT has not only emerged to be a significant industry on itself but has pervaded all aspects in day-to-day life. Studies have indicated that ICT has a remarkable impact on socio-economic development generally, and environmental sustainability specifically. Whereas this could be true, in developing countries such as Nigeria little research has been achieved in pinpointing the approaches through which ICT could be harnessed for environmental sustainability. There exists no consensus on the definition of developing country from the United Nations or the World Bank, and this study has adopted the definition of developing country that has been offered by Library of Congress, which is a country whereby: the majority of population makes far less income, and has significantly weaker social indicatorsand often lacks basic public services-than the population in highly-industrialized countries (LOC, 2016, p. 1).This paper is based on literature review and it investigates how ICT can be harnessed in implementing environmental sustainability practices in developing countries. Overview of environmental crisis One global reality existing today is environmental crisis. The International Telecommunications Union, a specialized agency of the United Nations, has made the affirmation that the existing increasing concern about life on planet earth is heavily influenced by the impact of humans on the environment, particularly natural environment (Schwabach, 2006). In that manner, improving resource management practices, raising awareness, getting to sustainable development as well as enhancing the environmental performance makes up the key issues which require worldwide attention. International community has asserted this point by encompassing environmental sustainability to be part of MDGs (Millennium Development Goals). Achieving environmental sustainability nonetheless demands strategies that are innovative. In light of this, awareness of the nature of environmental challenges in developing countries is a key requirement. With regards to developing countries, environmental crisis happens to be a real occurrence and the impact has been widely felt physically, economically and socially. In the Fox (2004) study assessing environmental degradation in one developing country, Tanzania, the study observed that there are big environmental disasters in that country to affect that big rivers were drying up. Practices leading to this included severe deforestation and clearance of natural vegetation for agriculture purposes. Apart from drying up of rivers and increased river sedimentation, reduced rainfall has also impacted on the health of the citizens in the region and has undermined the possibility of sustainable development. Tanzania has been shown to be requiring a number of approaches so as to address these challenges that have been posed by such an environmental crisis. Affirming a capacity of ICTs in enhancing the environmental sustainability in developing countries, ICTs have been contended to be having the capability of playing a significant role in developmental and economic sectors (Kapurubandara Lawson, 2006). Nonetheless ICT has been demonstrated to be complex and multifaceted, and its environmental impact could both be beneficial or adverse. This implies that a careful planning on how to integrate ICT in environmental sustainability practices of the developing countries is highly important. As a result of this, the following section analyses whether and how ICT can assist in delivering the environmental sustainability goal in developing countries. ICT for environmental sustainability practices in developing countries Houghton (2009) as well as Minasyan (2006) observed that an intricate relationship exists between ICT and the environment. This is due to the observation that ICTs could have both positive and negative roles with regards to the environment. Some of the positive roles have been demonstrated to be better energy efficiency, recycling and substitution for travel/transport; negative roles have been demonstrated to be energy consumption, increasing amounts of e-waste such as from discarded CRT monitors and low life cycle of the products (ITU, 2008). Being a medium for networking and information, it has been demonstrated that ICT has the capability of enabling citizens in the developing countries to adopt the role of environmental enforcement agents and alert the authorities to acts of environmental infringement. A host of important environmental aspects have been identified whereby ICT could be used and as such enhance environmental sustainability. Environmental studies The possible role of ICT in environmental sustainability practices starts with the usefulness of ICT in environmental studies. International Telecommunications Union has reiterated that ICT offers an unprecedented capability to collecting and processing environmental data which far outweighs the capability of any person and may encompass the whole terrestrial system. From the complex environment, ICT could assist in simplifying and understanding impact of mankind on environment. This can be achieved through the aid of increasingly interconnected and powerful platforms of computing which have been combined with large information databases. Moreover, ICT has been identified as a significant tool for carrying out empirical studies relating to environmental issues. It has previously been observed that new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) may represent appropriate tools to support environmental research and its transmission to policy-makers and the general public (Chiabai et al., 2013, p.89). In aggregate, using ICT to carry out environmental studies is associated with a host of economic and scientific benefits as well as having a political implication. Some of the scientific benefits have been shown to be enhanced multidisciplinary studies. Political implications of using ICT are that interface with the policy-makers can be created, and citizens can participate in the decision-making processes concerning environmental sustainability practices. Environmental observation ICT can be used for environmental observation in the developing countries (Houghton, 2009). Generally, the environmental systems are made up of terrestrial and aquatic categories. The terrestrial component is made up of forests, grasslands, mountains and so forth whereas the aquatic components is made up of marine, freshwater, wetlands and so forth. Tools of ICT that can be employed in these developing countries include remote sensing, telemetric systems among others. This observation can lead to better monitoring of the environmental practices. The e-monitoring systems can be used as environmental screening tools as well as mapping tools which offer the relevant authorities reliable data with which to highlight pollution issues, and these can then be applied for further evaluating and analysing the environmental concern. E-monitoring could offer both summary data and detailed data in the developing countries for both environmental and demographic attributes. For example, ICT has been applied in monitoring the deforestation of the Amazon forest in Brazil; satellite imagery is used in identifying deforestation and this is then mapped on a geographic information system (GIS). Data from this GIS has been made public in Brazil in recent years and this offers greater public awareness on the environmentally destructive practices. Data from this GIS has been identified to have been very instrumental in effecting policy changes in Brazil, which have included crafting, implementing and enforcing legislations for controlling deforestation, and gazetting more protected areas. It is common for forest rangers to go to areas showing deforestation activity from the satellite imagery received in combination with Global Positioning System (GPS), and then take necessary action to prevent further deforestation activity. Nonetheless some challenges have been identified in this approach: the GIS offer low resolution and thus offer only a rough identification concerning the deforested area; the Amazon is big but the rangers have limited capacity as such the data from the system is not used in real time (Hayes Rajao, 2011). Moreover, in developing countries where the internet penetration is low, radio calls and mobile telephones could be applied in reporting environmental degradation activities and for facilitating community mobilization to confront such activities. Mitigation of climate change Activities to mitigate against climate change are targeted at minimizing the negative impacts of the climate change on the environment. Several manners exist which ICTs can be applied in mitigating against environmental impacts in developing countries, such as through observation and monitoring as previous mentioned, through enabling better efficiency in utilization of resources, via dematerialization for example e-books instead of paper-printed books, through substitution for transport for example video conferencing instead of travel. A number of studies such as Patt Schrotter (2008) exist showing how ICT can assist in mitigating against climate change. Developing countries face a host of challenges with regards to providing infrastructure as the economies grow. The challenges in meeting the growing demands have been shown to be driving the investments in these developing countries towards solutions that present more energy efficiency. For example, limitations on the capacity of electricity generation and the transmission have resulted into more development of smart grid in China and India. This has led to an improved energy efficiency level and has reduced the expansion rate of the coal-powered electricity plants. These smart grids have been shown by Boccaletti et al. (2008) to have resulted into reduced carbon emissions as a result of lower use of the coal-powered plants. ICTs have played a major role in improving the efficiency in addition to controlling and managing power grids. The impact that ICT plays in the smart grids has been detailed in studies that have been issued by Bolton and Foxon (2011). With the investments in infrastructure for the next three decades taking place currently, this presents opportunities for developing countries to jump into the smart grid bandwagon, minimise power loss and gain from greater energy efficiency. For instance, in India, North Delhi Power has invested in smart grid (Balijepalli et al., 2010). However, some concerns have been raised; increased efficiency might result into more use of the ICT-enabled energy saving features, which consequently leads to more energy being used and this cancels out the previous gains. Recognizing this challenge, the government of China, has recently come up with the China Motor Systems Energy Conservation Program which would assist in meeting the targets of energy efficiency (McKane et al., 2003). Easing environmental pressure After the collection and storage of the environmental data via observation, a number of ICT tools could be used in computing and processing so as to carry out analysis. For instance, environmental modelling software as well as grid computing has been of assistance in the awareness of how the ecosystems function as well as the environmental complexities. Developing countries, especially in Africa, are highly dependent on agriculture even though the modes of farming are largely inefficient. Managing, monitoring and mapping waterways, forests and lands are some of the important actions that improve the sustainability of the environment and efficiency of practices in such countries (Longley, 2005). Geographic information systems offer significant opportunities in waterway and land management and monitoring in Africa, Himalayan region and South East Asia (Minasyan, 2006). Just like everywhere else, information is very important in making it possible for people to undertake choices that are more sustainable and get the benefits from their activities, in addition to support, awareness and education. In developing countries there are various examples on how mobile phones as well as wireless connection can offer a massive opportunity in handling environmental pressure where fixed telephone lines are not developed (World Bank, 2012). For instance, initiatives include using geographical information system in Lake Victoria of East Africa, to offer support to the management of natural resources (Scheren et al., 2000). In the Pearl River Delta of China, it is common to have an integrated ecosystem modelling, sensing and monitoring (Weng, 2001). By observing how vulnerable the rural commu nities in developing countries are, Tyler Fajber (2009) observed the significance of having information access. For instance, in the Philippines, one mobile service provider SMART partnered with Manila Observatory to offer telemetric rain gauge and telephones in areas which are prone to environmental disasters like landslides. The local farmers assess the rain gauge and submit the information to the Manila Observatory, whereas the Manila Observatory could also utilise these telephones to give the farmers early warnings (Houghton, 2010). Adaptation to climate change Offering early warnings as well as monitoring of events that are induced by climate change, such as tsunami or drought, plays a very significant role. In developing countries, ICT has enabled a number of initiatives. One example is a network that has been funded by USAID called Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET). This network brings together national and regional partners in offering information concerning the arising and changing issues on food security. The FEWS NET participants in developing countries analyse and monitor the information concerning the climate so as to understand the possible threats and effects on livelihoods. After they have been identified, the FEWS NET utilizes a host of ICTs in aiding the decision makers (Verdin et al., 2005). A second example is the PreventionWeb which caters to the information demands of the community seeking disaster risk reduction. The ICT-enabled activities under PreventionWeb include tools for exchanging information. ICTs have also been utilized in coming up with impact models, that have been used by decision makers and practitioners in making predictions on the agricultural effects of the climate change. Such impact models have been used in developing countries such as South Africa, whereby it was shown that there exists a correlation between a lowered production of dry land staple and heightened historical temperature (Dube Jury, 2000); in Nigeria whereby an EPIC model was used in giving forecasts on the crop yields in the twenty first century (Adejuwon, 2008); in Egypt whereby the production of crops under the existing climatic conditions was compared with the conditions that were modelled for the year 2050 (Abdel-Gawadh et al., 2004), as well as the Thornton et al. (2009) study which mapped African regions in terms of their vulnerability to climate change. In the same manner, GIS as well as remote sensing are used by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) to investigate the patterns of rainfall in Africa and Asia. By identifying the vulnerable areas, ICTs make it possible to implement various responses, whereby information networks have a significant role to play. Technology transfer for environment sustainability practices ICTs play a key role in technology transfer for environment sustainability practices. The Bali Action Plan entailed that developed countries assist the developing countries to pursue mitigation activities appropriate to each nation with regards to sustainable development, and at the same time not compromise the growth of those countries, through a transfer of technology and finance from the developed countries. One such technology transfer is through a clearinghouse for technology information called TT:clear. This provides an internet-based platform for information sharing in order to access a number of information sources such as case studies (Houghton, 2009). An objective is in offering information that is valuable to the various stakeholders on matters related to technology transfer, in order to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The TT:clear platform targets developing countries to consider the opportunities regarding technology transfer by assisting such countries gain an awa reness of the available technologies. The platform also makes it possible to exchange views and experiences on developing and transferring technology. Another platform that exists is called GIS Development. This refers to a Geospatial Communication Network promoting the utilization of GIS applications and the GIS technology in developing countries. GIS Development aids the governments and communities in the developing countries to enhance their management capabilities, policies and productivity through facilitation of knowledge transfer. Moreover, GIS Development fosters increasing network of persons interested in geo-informatics, encouraging a scientific know-how exchange (Ramachandra Kumar, 2010). By fusing the information provided with education and research, these platforms offer experience, expertise and information touching on adapting to environmental changes. Such flows of information play significant roles in the transfer of technology into the developing countries. Planning and environmental strategy Good decision-making needs to happen using the information that is available. As such, environmental information which has been picked by observing and has been evaluated by using the technology happens to be relevant in the decision-making, planning and formulation of policies. By utilizing ICTs, such a process entails classifying a host of environmental issues (Houghton, 2009). For instance, the environmental information that can be applied in agriculture could be elicited via using ICTs. The International Telecommunications Union has argued that the monitoring systems which use ICTs could be created to predict the effect of the manmade and natural disasters in developing as well as developed countries. For example, one important tool in the environmental planning is the Environmental Impact Assessment (Hayes Rajao, 2011). A developing country seeking for loans from World Bank needs to demonstrate environmental planning which is produced via an Environmental Impact Assessment. Thi s shows that ICTs could be of assistance in this respect by, among other things, enhancing the communications between the different stakeholders in the collection of the environmental information. Apart from this stakeholder engagement, ICTs could also assist in making informed decisions, delivery of policy, learning and feedback as well as capacity building in the institutions (Ospina Heeks, 2011). The Resilience Assessment Benchmarking and Impact Toolkit (RABIT) framework One framework that can be applied is the Resilience Assessment Benchmarking and Impact Toolkit (RABIT) which has recently been used by Ospina Heeks (2016) to gauge the effect on resilience of ICTs in two developing countries, Uganda and Costa Rica. Instead of trying to be a kind of cross-country benchmarking, the RABIT framework can be applied on a country-specific basis, and it would get the specific countrys representatives to undertake a discussion on the link between ICTs and the sub-properties of resilience which are rapidity, equality, diversity and flexibility, scale, self-organization, robustness, learning and redundancy. From this, the developing country representatives can derive relevance, meaning, priority and so forth, for their specific country. This can emerge to be a productive approach forward in looking to strengthen the link between ICTs and the resilience in developing countries. The RABIT framework is especially appropriate for developing countries since they ar e most vulnerable to the impacts of stressors and external shocks, including being the first to be affected by climate change as a result of lacking mitigating infrastructure. Some of the key characteristics or markers of resilience are shown in table 1 below: Table 1: Markers of resilience according to the RABIT framework Attribute of resilience Markers Attributes that are foundational Learning Reflective thinking; Capacity building Self-organization Local leadership; Consensus-building and collaboration Robustness Institutional capacity; Physical preparedness Attributes that are enabling Equality Accountability and openness; Participation and inclusiveness Flexibility and diversity Mechanism for innovation; Decision-making that is adaptable Scale Networks that are intra-level; Networks that are multi-level Rapidity Resource mobilization; Rapid detection and assessment of issues Redundancy Functional overlap; Substitutability of resource Adapted from: Ospina Heeks (2016, p.20) The markers are equally applicable in developing countries down to the community level. The RABIT framework can be implemented through document review followed by conducting focus groups, semi-structured interviews and surveys on the communities in developing countries (Ospina Heeks, 2016). ICTs could be used to strengthen the resilience in the developing countries. In 2012, a report by the World Bank highlighted the roles that ICTs play in preventing the impacts of emergencies induced by climate change in the developing countries of Africa (World Bank, 2012). The report sought to achieve an understanding of the trends of ICTs impacts that could be existing in developing countries that had analogous structures of political economy, in relation to leveraging the ICT in the public sectors. From this World Bank report, GIS aids the local governments to identify on a map, the zones that are at flood risk, gauge the vulnerability of the community towards the floods and plan for new infrastructure that would prevent floods. Some ICTs tools used include Early Warning Systems which were used in simulating patterns of weather and predicting disasters (World Bank, 2012). In this way, ICTs can be said to have the potential of strengthening the resilience in the developing countrie s. This is also referred to as e-resilience. This can be done through improving each of the attributes of resilience as noted by (Ospina Heeks, 2011): rapidity, equality, diversity and flexibility, scale, self-organization, robustness, learning and redundancy. For instance, with regards to redundancy, mobile phones or other ICTs could be used in delivering resources whereas with regards to robustness, GIS can utilised in planning where physical defences such as dykes can be located. The future and potential challenges of using the Resilience Assessment Benchmarking and Impact Toolkit (RABIT) framework for implementing environmental sustainability practices in one developing country, Tanzania Governmental as well as non-governmental organizations in Tanzania report that some of the environmental problems in the country include unsustainable and illegal deforestation as most Tanzanians rely on firewood for energy needs; overgrazing an unsustainable management of range due to large cattle sizes putting pressure on the natural carrying capacity of the land; high levels of water and air pollution; as well as unsustainable and illegal exploitation of wildlife (Mniwasa Shauri, 2001). The RABIT framework can be applied to improve environmental sustainability practices in Tanzania. The RABIT framework helps in building resilience and this presents huge opportunities for introducing considerable and lasting changes across Tanzania with regards to environmental sustainability practices. ICTs can support the relevance of the RABIT framework in Tanzania. There is an increasing penetration of mobile phone usage in Tanzania, more than any other ICT in the country (Van Genuchten, 2012; Fox, 2004). There has also been a rise in social media use in Tanzania, and this has especially helped with the rapidity attribute of the RABIT framework. Users can generate the content on where they see environmental degradation activities. The fast pace of the uptake and penetration of mobile telephony in Tanzania has supported many breakthrough ideas in environmental sustainability, as was observed by Fox (2004). However, these developments have been accompanied by considerable challenges and potential threats to the efficacy of ICT in supporting the implementation of environmentally sustainable practices, in Tanzania. One such challenge lies in the scale and sustainability of the programs initiated. The initiatives are relatively ad-hoc and happen in individual isolated regions of Tanzania, such as the study by Fox (2004) which concentrated the initiatives in only in the regions of Usangu Catchment, Ihefu Wetland and Great Ruaha River Ecosystem. As such, thus there are very limited large-scale and sustainable ICT-supported initiatives taking place in Tanzania. In order to bring out the total potential of ICT in the country, there needs to be a new inter-regional collaboration in order to enlarge the scale of the impacts. A second challenge in Tanzania is in the pace of change of ICTs. Technology is a very dynamic concept, and one thing that might work perfectly today may be rendered obsolete in few years (Chiabai et al., 2013). For instance, mobile telephone calls have largely replaced radio calls in regions of Tanzania that had inexistent telephone landlines (Van Genuchten, 2012), and in turn mobile phone calls are increasingly being replaced by instant messaging apps such as Whatsapp (Shearman, Olomi, Patel, 2013). This has happened in a space of less than ten years, all with the aim of achieving better efficiency. Similarly, radio communication which was popular in Tanzania where landline infrastructure was non-existent has increasingly been replaced by mobile telephony (Balijepalli et al., 2010). The costs involved in replacing the obsolete ICTs could be challenging to a poor country like Tanzania, especially if incurred on a large scale. Conclusion and Recommendations The paper has observed that an intricate relationship exists between ICT and the environment. This is due to the observation that ICTs could have both positive and negative roles with regards to the environment. Some of the positive roles have been demonstrated to be better energy efficiency, recycling and substitution for travel/transport; negative roles have been demonstrated to be energy consumption, increasing amounts of e-waste such as from discarded CRT monitors and low life cycle of the products. Being a medium for networking and information, it has been demonstrated that ICT has the capability of enabling citizens in the developing countries to adopt the role of environmental enforcement agents and alert the authorities to acts of environmental infringement. A host of important environmental aspects have been identified whereby ICT could be used and as such enhance environmental sustainability. ICT plays significant role in environmental studies as it offers an unprecedented capability to collecting and processing environmental data; environmental observation through tools such as remote sensing, telemetric systems among others; mitigating climate change through activities such as developing smart grid in China and India; easing environmental pressure through environmental modelling software as well as grid computing; adaptation to climate change through tools such as Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET); technology transfer as a result of the Bali Action Plan; planning and environmental strategy through tools such as the Environmental Impact Assessment, and building resilience through rapidity, equality, diversity and flexibility, scale, self-organization, robustness, learning and redundancy. In future, the technologies that are likely to support these ICT activities in developing countries with respect to environmentally sustainable practices include mobile telephony, internet, social media, digital data, cloud computing and increasing pres ence of smartphones. Challenges lie in the scale and sustainability of the programs initiated as well as the rapidly shifting technology that may be expensive for the ICT initiatives in the long run. Moreover, ICT has been demonstrated to be complex and multifaceted, and its environmental impact could both be beneficial or adverse. ICT can assist in delivering the environmental sustainability goal in developing countries but there needs to be a new multi-national collaboration level in order to enlarge the scale of the impacts of the ICT initiatives in environmental sustainability practices. One framework that can be applied is the Resilience Assessment Benchmarking and Impact Toolkit (RABIT) which has recently been applied successfully in two developing countries. References Abdel-Gawadh, S.T., Kandil, M. and Sadek, T.M. (2004). Water scarcity prospects in Egypt 2000-2050. In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000-2050 (pp. 187-203). Springer Netherlands. Adejuwon, J.O. (2008). Vulnerability in Nigeria: A national-level assessment. Climate Change and Vulnerability, pp. 198-217. Balijepalli, V.M., Khaparde, S.A., Gupta, R.P. and Pradeep, Y. (2010). SmartGrid initiatives and power market in India. In IEEE PES General Meeting (pp. 1-7). IEEE. Boccaletti, G., LÃ ¶ffler, M. and Oppenheim, J.M. (2008). How IT can cut carbon emissions. McKinsey Quarterly, 37, pp. 37-41. Bolton, R. and Foxon, T.J. (2011). Governing infrastructure networks for a low carbon

The Greenland Shark Essay -- science

The Greenland Shark Sharks live in almost every part of the oceans, from coastal environments to deep-sea habitats. They also live in the warm waters of the tropics to the cold frigid waters of the polar region. The Greenland shark, also known as â€Å"somniousus Microcephalus,† lives in the dark, cold waters of the North Atlantic (I 65). The Greenland shark belongs to the order Squaliforms, more usually known as dogfish sharks. There are 70 species in this order, which includes the spied sharks, spiny dogfish, Sleeper sharks and lantern fish (I 50). Greenland Shark Classification: Kingdom: Anamalia Phylum: Cordates (possessing a notochord) Sub Phylum: Vertebrates (possessing a back bone) Super Class: Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous skeleton) Subclass: Elasmobranchas (ribbon like gills) Super Order: Selachii or Selachimopha (shark shaped) Order: Sqauliforms Family: Sqaulidea Species: somniousus Microcephalus (I 185) The shark’s habitat largely depends on the water temperature this allows its habitat that ranges from the Polar latitudes to the North Sea in the east and the St. Lawrence River in the West. The Greenland shark has also wonders south as far as the waters off Cape Hatteras and has also been found in the Gulf of Maine. The shark usually lives in cool water ranging from 2-7deg Celsius (II 63). However the sharks has also been found in the waters in the Artic Circle. (I 65) Typically the Greenland sharks live at extreme depths. In the winter months the Greenland sharks can be found at the surface and at the edges of ice burgs and glaciers. The sharks will also enter fjords during these months. However in the warmer months of summer, the sharks dives back to depths and lives at an average depth of 100-400 fathoms and has been caught in water as deep as 600 fathoms (II 63). Depending on season and water temperature, the shark’s habitat moves. The diet of a Greenland will eat almost anything that it will come across. With its slow swimming body plan, it includes bottom living shellfish, but it also hunts seals, porpoises and other small whales and sea birds at the surface in its diet (I 65). These sharks also eats many kinds of fish, such as capelin, char, herring, halibut, lumpfish and even salmon. There has even been fast swimming fish found with its tail bitten off inside ... ...heir vision is not needed at that depth in the dark water (I 77). These parasites might actually help the sharks. These parasites are biolumiscent and they might attract those fast swimming fish to the oral side of the shark. With out these parasites it is possible that the sharks could not catch as many fish as it does, due to its slow speed. On top of the parasites on its eyes, the Greenland shark also has poisonous flesh. To get rid of the poison n order to eat it, the flesh must be boiled and dried several times (II 63). If the meat is not prepared correctly, it can cause, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, tingling and burning sensation of tongue, throat and esophagus. It can also cause muscular cramps, respiratory distress, coma and death (III Vol 25, 905). This shark may not kill you when it’s alive, but you have to careful when it’s dead. References 1. Parker, Steve and Jane. The Encyclopedia fo Sharks. A Firefly Book: Buffalo, 1999. 2. Castro, Jose. THe Sharks of the North American Waters. Texas Univerisity Press: US, 1983. 3. Britanica, 15th Edition. Micropedia: Chicago, 1990. 4. Allen, Thomas B. The Shark Almanac. Lyoness Press: NY, 1999.

Greek Architecture Essay -- Greece Essays Temples Building History

Greek Architecture The Greek culture has had a huge impact on the history of the world. There is something Greek in almost everything, especially in the world’s architecture. Greece no longer had one king, so they focused on building temples for their gods. Architecture began small and plain but evolved into impressive pieces of art. As time passed from the Archaic period to the Hellenistic period, the people of Greece developed a type of formula for their buildings and their pieces of art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ancient Greece, religion dominated their life, so it is understandable that their architecture would be dominated by their religion. Before Greece became many different city-states, they had kings, and they would build a room called a megaron to show they King’s authority. A typical megaron is a single chamber with a fire pit in the middle with a throne off to the side. This room opened up into a porch (portico) that had four columns in the front. After there were no more kings these megarons turned into temples. The fire pit, which turned into some type of altar or a place to show a sacrifice for that god, was now outside in front of the temple. The altar was now outside so people could see you make these sacrifices to their gods. The first Greek temples were made out of wood and were long rectangular buildings with a porch all the way around which was supported by columns made from tree trunks. A Greek temple consists of five basic parts: the pediment, entablature, columns, base, and the cella, or the inner sanctum. The pediment is triangular and would have a type of sculpture or ornament known as acreteria on each corner. An entablature consists of three parts: the cornice, frieze, and architrave, which holds up the pediment. The columns are the support between the entablature and the base. The base usually consists of three steps. The cella is the inner sanctum, which has different rooms with more columns for support. Each temple would have a cella but they were not identical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greeks developed an architectural system called an order, to distinguish the different styles of temples. Each order has a different proportions, entablature, and columns. The three Greek orders are called Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Doric order is considered to be the masculine order. The columns are short and stout and very plain. A Doric column has no base a... ...he most important part of the agora. The stoa would be used for political, economical, or financial reasons. The Greeks also built gyms to exercise. During the Hellenistic period, the Greeks seemed to build more buildings where men could gather and socialize than places for worship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Hellenistic period, you find the first monument built to celebrate someone who was not a general, god, or ruler. The Monument to Iysicrates is located in Athens, and is the first time a Corthinian column is used on the exterior. There was not a lot of money to spend on new temples but they still managed to build the Temple of Zeus Olympius. There is not much left of it today but it was huge. This temple was decastyle, meaning ten columns across, and the columns were sixty-five feet tall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even today the ideas and formulas of Greek architecture influence present day architects. When you think of Roman architecture, you think of the arch but even then they used the Imperial Motif to decorate their buildings. The Imperial Motif is the art of trabeation on arcuated architecture. The architecture of Ancient Greece will continue to influence the architecture of today and tomorrow.

Hospital Administration

Quality Improvement Programme (Toward Excellence Health center for the Community) Excellence Health center for the Community) CoH CoH Quality Improvement Programme CoH Quality is very Sweet for speak, but difficult to implement. â€Å"Quality at Grassroots levels: Patient Perspectives † because because Quality is Never Improved without accepting facts without accepting facts. Dr. J. L. Meena State Quality Assurance Officer Commissionerate of Health & FW Government of Gujarat Email:- [email  protected] com Web:- www. gujhealth. gov. in/quality-assurance-program. htm www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. MeenaHealth & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. 1 CoH www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. 3 CoH Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 5 2 CoH †¢ Poor sanitation and cleanliness. †¢ Very poor Drainage facility. †¢ Poor housekeeping service. â € ¢ Very poor Biomedical waste & infection control practice. †¢ No cattle guard. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. †¢ Non sterile suction tube & oxygen mask? †¢ Empty Oxygen Cylinders. Instrument with rust & Non sterile. www. gujhealth. gov. in Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. Building maintenance was extremely unsatisfactory – Leaking roof, eroded floors, over flowing toilets, broken doors, No patient safety (Open transformer with Parking facilities. Invite for disaster ? ), No safe drinking water facilities. no employee safety, poor lighting and no ventilation sign. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena 4 CoH †¢ Un-used instrument & equipments †¢ No proper used of instruments Crush Card trolley contained:- Comb, Toothpaste, Oil, Glass etc for save the pt. th www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 6 Old Scenario of Health Centers. CoH CoH †¢ Very poorly managed end of life †¢ No respect to Human body †¢ Very worst condition of Post Martum Room. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 7 CoH ?Why should we care? should we care? ?Is improvement possible? ?What seems to make seems to make a difference? ?Why aren’t we doing a better job? www. gujhealth. gov. in GOAL Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat National Human Right Commission (NHRC Report 1999 NHRC ) Report – 1999 CoH D Grade for Mental Hospital Ahmedabad www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat HOW TO ACHIEVE EXCELLENCE IN HEALTH TQM-NABH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 †¢ To develop a healthcare system based on total quality management principles (NABH / NABL) and application of information technology to achieve efficiency in operations, faster & standard communication across the state. †¢ To enhance the quality of healthcare services by providing specialized treatment and preventive healthcare at free / affordable cost. MISSION VISION †¢ To develop a pool of healthcare professionals in he public health sector trained in the implementation of health care quality standards and information technology to bring productivity and effectiveness in health care delivery system. †¢ â€Å"To be the network of finest Public Healthcare Institutions which providing quality medical care services, preventive, promotive, curative & rehabilitative health care services with the state of art technology, easy accessibility, affordability and equity to the people of Gujarat and beyond. 12 8 ?Health centers is committed to provide quality healthcare services. ?To provide the treatment as per the national and international standards. To provide treatment with the latest technology. ?To conduct trainings and workshops on regular intervals for skill development of the staffs. ?To improve the quality on continuous basis. ?To improve the quality of treatment as per the patient satisfaction survey. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Quality Objectives CoH CoH Quality Policy Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 13 ? Implementation of safety and quality practices. ? Incorporation of management tools. ? Building sustainability ? Benchmarking the indicators ? Continuous Quality Improvement ? To provide 24X7 quality services to the community. To organize and implement all the national programs. ? To provide right treatment through latest technology. ? To ensure safety of patient & employee. ? To manage Human Resources for enhancing productivity. www. gujhealth. gov. in PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED CoH ? Formation of the committees & give role and responsibility. ? Gap analysis in a standards formats and fulfilled these gaps. ? Patient and employee satisfaction survey ? Clinical protocol & Standard Operation Procedure (SOPs). ? Monitoring of the qu ality indicators. ? Implementation of Patient Rights & Responsibilities ? Facility Management Practices www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr.J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat A Case Study JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY 15 1 2 †¢ Internal assessment by Quality Assurance Team. †¢ Gap analysis and submission of report and Planning for full filling the gaps. 3 †¢ Develop the action programme for filled these gaps. †¢ Proposed to TSP, NREGA, NRHM, State budget and Vanbandhu for financial requirements to full fill the gaps. 4 role & www. gujhealth. gov. in Cont†¦. Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat A Case Study JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY 7 8 17 Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 14 ? Disaster Preparedness Plan ? Basic Infection Control Practices ? Management of Medication of Medication Code alerts ? Incidence Reporting System RED for FIRE, YELLOW for EXTERNAL ? Hospital Safety Programme CALAMITIES, BLUE for CARDIAC ARREST, ? Patient Information BLACK for BOMB THREAT, ? Inventory Management PINK for CHILD ABDUCTION ? Quality Control & Safety in diagnostics Control Safety in diagnostics 5 †¢ Regular training of core team on standards and objective elements. †¢ Formation of QA Manual, Policy, Procedure, Forms & Formats and implement. Dr. J. L. MeenaPRACTICES IMPLEMENTED CoH CoH †¢ Orientation to Quality & NABH Standards to staffs. †¢ Formation of Committees and clarified their responsibility. CoH 16 CoH †¢ Fulfilled the Human resource, Infrastructure, equipment, instrument related gaps and Statuary requirements. †¢ AMC, Calibration & insurance of the instruments. †¢ Internal Quality Control, External Quality Control. †¢ Regular Internal audit. †¢ Plan, Do, Check & Act (PDCA Cycle for improvement) †¢ Application for Pre Assessment. †¢ Pre Assessment done by NABH Assessors from Quality Council of India. †¢ Fulfilled the Pre assessment gaps and application for final Assessment. Final Assessment done by NABH Assessors from Quality Council of India. †¢ Fulfilled the Final assessment gaps and accredited by NABH board, Quality Council of India. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 18 CoH CoH Journey of Quality Improvement (Cont)†¦ 5 Years Back CoH Today Lack of standards of standards NABH Standards for Health Centers Standards for Health Centers No Gap analysis report in standard format. Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Journey of Quality Improvement (Cont)†¦ 5 Years Back 19 CoH Hygienic, Clean & Green Hospital environment with infection control audit.Recruitment of staff as per workload through RKS and take specialist service outsource. Lack of trained health care staff for emergency (resuscitation) services, patient care service & Healthcare management. No concept of internal audits (medical audit, clinical audit & death audit etc). Dr. J. L. Meena Written policies & procedures available. Poor sanitation, cleanliness & infection control practices. Staff shortage so very poor specialist service. www. gujhealth. gov. in Statutory requirements fulfilled Absence of written policies & procedures. Outcomes†¦.. Gaps identified and addressed. Lack of Statutory requirements (e. . Licenses, Acts, Rules & Certificates). Staff trained in Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Lif Ad Life Support, PG QM & AHO, NABH / NABL Assessors & Kaizen. Staff trained as internal auditors, audits conducted to find out non conformances, corrective & preventive measures taken to rectify it Dr. J. L. Meena www. gujhealth. gov. in Journey of Quality Improvement (Cont)†¦ Today 5 Years Back All required practices in place No Blood storage, CSSD, no separate OT for Eye & Gynec. , Patients attendant launch facilities. Gynec Patients attendant launch facilities Blood s torage, CSSD, separate OT for Eye & Gynec,Patients attendant launch facilities are available Patients attendant launch facilities are available. Damaged and poor condition of building & Staff Quarters. Repairing & renovation done gynecology No Calibration system of Instruments for Quality check. Calibration system of Instruments for Quality check are available. CoH Shortage of equipments and proper ambulances (transport vehicle) . Sufficient equipments and ambulances with regular monitoring by a responsible person. Lack of accountability & planning. Policy and processes for care of the patients in place Non Implementation of Different Codes in the facilities. Poor signage system.Well developed signage and displays for patient information. Absence of Patient & Employees’ satisfaction. Established. No measurable parameter for patient safety. Measurable parameters for patient safety are available. No realization of problems and weaknesses. A clear understanding of what is lackin g and what needs to be done. No monitoring or reporting of adverse events, needle stick injury, Sentinel events etc. These are being reported and are monitored. Practically non-existent security arrangement Availability of well trained security guards Absence of quality standards. Quality standards e. g. medical audit, management f medication, care of patients etc practiced No participation in EQAS/ inter laboratory Participation in EQAS / inter laboratory comparison comparisons and achieving good scores in it. Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Journey of Quality Improvement (Cont)†¦ 21 5 Years Back BLACK for BOMB THREAT, PINK for CHILD ABDUCTION www. gujhealth. gov. in Today Poor publicity of available services in the villages and in the community. Name of the Facility 3rd Party evaluation & monitoring system by PRI members. All the service which are provide by the healthcare centre are display in the community and emergency ontact number also display. D r. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat A Success Story Quality Improvement Programme:- Gujarat Team work is available, role and responsibility of all staff is cleanly mention. No Evaluation and monitoring system by PRI members (3rd party evaluation). (3 RED for FIRE, YELLOW for EXTERNAL CALAMITIES, BLUE for CARDIAC ARREST, CoH No team work, only Individual approach rather then team . Unidentified role and responsibility of staffs. Total Facility Under NABH /NABL Total Facility Under NABH /NABL which catering Tribal population Total Accredited facilities CoH 23 11 2 Medical college Hospitals 2 0 0 Medical college, Blood banks 0 6 2 5 2 No display of the Right and responsibly of the patients and employees in the facilities. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena 4 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Primary Health Centers (PHCs) 29 14 12 6 Community Health Centers (CHCs) Proper display of Right and responsibly of the patients and employees in the facilities. 2 2 Paraplegia Hospi tal, Ahmedabad Progress of the referred patient also monitoring by th the health centre on regular basis. ( Bi directional referral service). 6 Mental Hospitals Dental Hospitals No responsibility of referred patients . Medical college, LaboratoriesProper monitoring of Up time, down time & utilization of the instrument & equipment. 26 11 1 1 NABL Food & Drug Laboratories Total Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 23 22 Total Accredited facilities which catering tribal population District Hospitals No monitoring of Up time & down time of the instruments. 20 Today Inadequate infrastructure for handling biomedical waste and infection control safety practices www. gujhealth. gov. in Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in 2 1 103 45 Dr. J. L. Meena 2 1 28 13 Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 24 India’s 1st & 2nd NABH Accredited PHC CoHCoH from Tribal Area from Tribal Area www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of G ujarat Benefits to Patients 25 CoH Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme High Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 29 Time Morning: 9. 00 to 13. 00 Evening: 16. 00 to 18. 00 ,, ,, ,, 24 hours ,, ,, ,, ,, 9. 00 to 14. 00 Tuesday & Friday 9. 00 to 16. 00 Daily ( Except holidays) Morning: 9AM to 1 PM Evening: 4 to 6 PM Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of GujaratProvided baby kits to new born for prevent Infection & hypothermia www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH Day Certificates of age, fitness and sickness Lab services Homeopathic treatment treatment Indoor services Delivery Emergency services Vehicle for referral Medico legal services MAMTA Clinic ( Immunization, medical check-up, treatment IEC Family planning services for treatment, IEC & Family planning services for expectant mothers, children & adolescent) 11 NSV, Abdominal tubecto my , MTP & Hydrocele operation 12 All National Programme www. gujhealth. gov. in 26 Daily ( Except holidays) ,, ,, ,, Daily ,, ,, ,, ,, Monday OPD Services 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 27 CoH Availability of Services at PHC level 1 CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in Sr Name of service ?Availability of Health services with High quality of care. ?Dedicated and sincere medical staff ?Access to a quality focused organization ?Rights respected and protected ?Patient Satisfaction evaluated ?Involvement in care process ?Patient safety ?Pain management ?Safe transport ?Continuity of care www. gujhealth. gov. in India’s 1st NABH Accredited CHC Welcoming infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dr. J. L. Meena 28 CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 30 Quality Improvement ProgrammeHigh Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement P rogramme High Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH CoH CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Management of Medicine Management of Medicine†¦ 31 33 CoH Quality Improvement Programme High Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 35 Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement ProgrammeQualitative Laboratory services Qualitative Laboratory services†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Safety of patients & employees†¦ of patients employees www. gujhealth. gov. in 32 CoH Change the Scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Before www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH 34 CoH After Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 36 Change the Scenario†¦. Biomedical waste practice†¦ waste practice Before www. gujhealth. gov. in After Dr. J. L. Meena H ealth & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Recreational & skill development www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH CoH Dr. J. L. Meena CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of GujaratOccupational Therapy Unit 37 39 CoH Change the Scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Safe drinking water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ drinking water After Before www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Recreational & skill development www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Quality food services to patients attendants Quality food services to patients & attendants†¦ 38 40 CoH CHC Bardoli, which catering Tribal Population www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 41 www. gujhealth. gov. in Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 2 India’s 1st NABH Accredited Mental Hospital Vadodara Hospital Vadodara CoH CoH NO. OF DELIVERY AT PHC CoH 44077 45000 41146 585 36867 40000 35000 600 3372 9 31359 582 586 513 500 30000 400 25000 20000 282 300 15000 200 10000 5000 86 1777 1719 1530 1414 1386 100 0 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 No. of OPD per Year 2011-12 Dr. J. L. Meena www. gujhealth. gov. in 0 2012-13 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 IPD Number per Year Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 43 PHC:- Salun, Dist:- Kheda www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH Adverse Donor Reaction CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 44 CoH Issue of Components CoH 9 59,481 50 45 40 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 60,000 39 54,067 50,000 42,033 32 40,000 25 20 30,000 23,849 20,000 13,820 10,000 0 2008-09 www. gujhealth. gov. in 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Blood Bank:- Civil Hospital Ahmedabad 2012-13 2008-09 Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Specimen Analysis 100000 45 CoH CoH 98 2012-13 Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 46 100 105 85 70 80 60000 2011-12 Critical value reporting CoH CoH 100 69010 59897 2010-11 Blood Bank:- Civil Hospital Ahmedabad 120 88660 78105 80000 www. gujhealth. gov. in 2009-10 60 40000 30522 40 20000 20 0 0 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2009 2010 011 2012 www. gujhealth. gov. in Biochemistry Lab:- Sir T Bhavnagar Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 47 www. gujhealth. gov. in Biochemistry Lab:- Sir T Bhavnagar Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 48 Benefits to Staff Surgical Site Infection (SSI) CoH CoH ?Professional staff development ?Provides education on laid down standards ?Provides leadership for quality improvement within medicine and nursing ?Increases satisfaction with continuous learning, good working environment, leadership and ownership 0. 59 0. 6 0. 5 0. 35 0. 4 0. 27 0. 3 0. 16 0. 0. 1 0 2009-10 www. gujhealth. gov. in 2010-11 2010 2011-12 2011 Dist Hospital:- Gandhinagar 2012-13 2012 Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Professional staff development Managerial / Administrative training to MO / Head. www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Professional staff development Special clinical skill training on minor surgical procedure, obstetrics care, new born care, basic life support and local anesthesia block. www. gujhealth. gov. in 49 Programme implementation training to MO / Head. Dr. J. L. Meena Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH 51 CoH www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. MeenaHealth & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Professional staff development Induction training to staff at all levels. ll www. gujhealth. gov. in 50 CoH Job based skills training. based skills training. Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Management & Internal Audit Training Audit Training 52 CoH Disaster Management Disaster Management Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 53 www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 54 NABH ACCREDITATION AWARD FUNCTION BY GOVT. OF GUJARAT & QCI, NEW DELHI www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH Health & Fami ly Welfare, Govt of GujaratAward for India 1st NABH Accredited Mental Hospital :- Hospital for Mental health – Vadodara, Govt of Gujarat given by Shri Jaynarayan Vyas, Hon’ble Health Minister, Government of Gujarat 55 Award for NABH Accredited PHC :- Primary Health Center – Kandolpada, Navsari-Gujarat, Govt of Gujarat given by Shri Jaynarayan Vyas, Hon’ble Health Minister, Government of Gujarat Benefits to Hospital CoH ?Improves care care ?Brings in Corporate Governance ?Stimulates continuous improvement ?Demonstrates commitment to quality care commitment to quality care ?Raises community confidence ?Opportunity to benchmark with the bestAward for NABH Accredited PHC :- Primary Health Center – Tankal, Navsari-Gujarat, Govt of Gujarat given by Shri Jaynarayan Vyas, Hon’ble Health Minister, Government of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 60 Main entrance should be easily identifiable, welc oming, well lit and with mattress. CoH CoH PHC Mahuwas, Tribal area PHC www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 61 Quality Improvement Programme Welcoming infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHC Bardoli, which catering Tribal Population www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. MeenaHealth & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme District Hospital Godhara (Tribal area) Hospital Godhara (Tribal area) CHC Bardoli, which catering Tribal Population CoH HMH Ahmedabad presents an excellent example of effective functioning of Boards of Visitors and active involvement of NGO sector in patients Care, Capacity building & rehabilitation , and has the potential to become a good center of education and research in Mental Health Field Field. www. gujhealth. gov. in A – Grade Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 62 CoH DH Godhara, which catering Tribal Population www. gujhealth. gov. inRemarks of representativ e of National Human Right Commission (NHRC) now†¦ CoH 65 Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Benefits to Community 64 CoH ?Quality revolution ?Disaster preparedness preparedness – Epidemics – Physical ?Access to comparative database www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 66 All the Services provided by PHC Gadboriad are displayed in all the villages & roadside www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Mock drill and training for disaster management management 67 CoH Mock drill and training for disaster anagement management www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Involvement in National Programme Involvement in National Programme†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena 68 CoH PHC PHC Tankal, Kandolpada & Mahuwas, Navsari 69 CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Health & Fam ily Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Mock drill and training for disaster management management PHC Tankal, Kandolpada & Mahuwas, Navsari www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH 71 www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement ProgrammeInvolvement in National Programme Involvement in National Programme†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in 70 CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 72 Quality Improvement Programme Malnutrition awareness Malnutrition awareness†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH CoH Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat PRI Monitoring & Evaluation of CHC 73 CoH Quality Improvement Programme AIDS awareness programme AIDS awareness programme†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat National & International Team Visit Niziriya Team Visit CoH 74 CoH Visit by Rajasthan Govt. MLAs with Speaker WHO Team Visit www. gujhealth. gov. in